1. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 0 Technology, Modernisation & Industrialisation Industrialisation: the Rise of Modern Industry The Industrial Revolution: its several facets Central Role of Technological Advance –Energy and Raw Materials for Industrialisation Industrial change: –Steam power –Iron and steel –Textiles –Contributions from other industries Why was the Industrial Revolution British?

2. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 1 Industrial Revolution: the rise of modern industry “The Industrial Revolution” – a sequence of events starting in 18C marked by the expansion of industries organised along capitalist lines Precisely where did it occur and when? What distinguishes the industries that expanded? What caused the IR? What was so profound about the IR? Is the I.R. a useful concept?

3. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 2 Four views of the Industrial Revolution Mokyr identified 4 `schools’ of, or approaches to the I.R.: 1.The Social Change School 2.The Industrial Organisation School 3.The Macroeconomic School 4.The Technological School

4. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 3 Technical change in the Industrial Revolution Distinguish between invention and innovation Allen’s argument (2009, ch 6): –Relative input prices determined the new technologies Landes `three principles’ (Unbound Prometheus, p. 41): 1.`substitution of machines... for human skill and effort’ 2.`substitution of inanimate for animate sources of power’ 3.`use of new and far more abundant raw materials’

5. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 4 Sequence of events in Britain: a sketch Sequence of events in Britain (Allen’s synthesis): Demographic catastrophe (Black Death) from 1348/50 Commercial expansion to Asia and the Americas, from early 17th century Cultural developments favour invention and innovation Institutional change supports enterprise & wealth accumulation

6. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 5 Mineral Sources of Energy & Raw Materials Wrigley’s thesis: Advanced Organic replaced by Mineral Based Economy Advanced organic economy: plant sources of energy & raw materials Mineral based energy economy: coal for energy, iron & coal as raw materials But Wrigley’s account is not the whole story

7. The Role of Science Allen emphasises two applications –Steam power → Steam engine –Clockwork → Gears (and engineering) Basic scientific advance was mostly continental But British technology benefited, albeit indirectly EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 6

8. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 7 Steam power Steam engines: external combustion engines Major invention: Newcomen’s `beam engine’, c1712 Minor (and not so minor) inventions, include: improved fuel efficiency; high pressure engine Railways: expansion after c1830 (Liverpool-Manchester line) Later developments: compound engine, steam turbine

9. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 8 Iron and steel Smelting: blast furnace production of pig iron from iron ore Refining: reduce carbon content of pig iron – `Forge’ pig iron into wrought (malleable) iron Steel: “a superior variety of iron”, has more carbon than wrought iron

10. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 9 Textiles (1) Four processes: preparation, spinning, weaving, finishing Traditional sectors (in late 18C): wool, linen, silk New sector: cotton, small scale; rapid growth from 1760s Kay’s flying shuttle (1733): raised weavers’ productivity Spinning inventions were major labour-saving innovations Weaving: hand-loom dominated until 1830s/40s

11. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 10 Textiles (2) Cotton industry: –“the wonder industry of the Industrial Revolution” (Allen) Traditional textiles: innovations adopted but more slowly Cloth processing: expansion of the garment trades

12. EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 11 Contributions from other industries (briefly) Machine tools: advances in accuracy of manufacture Mining, especially coal became a major employer Chemicals (mainly used in textiles industries) Gas lighting: initially in Germany & France, then further developed in Britain Ceramics & glass: Britain followed continental innovations

13. Why was the Industrial Revolution British? Mokyr (2009): economic impact of Enlightenment ideas Allen (2009): “growth of the urban, commercial economy drove the economy forward in the centuries before the I.R.” (p.106) Clark (2007): “ reproductive advantage of the rich”, “… economic success has a very important genetic component”, a Darwinian survival mechanism EC120 week 08, topic 7, slide 12