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Political Parties History Minor Parties
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Evolution of Political Parties 7 periods
Creation of Parties Era of one Party rule Andrew Jackson – pre Civil War Civil War and Post Civil War Rep. ascendancy & progressive per New Deal present Modern period
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1. Formative Years Federalists vs Anti-Federalist over ratification of Constitution Washington’s warning “baneful effects” Threat to national unity Threat to popular government Need to identify political differences Federalist: commercial interests, strong nat. gov. Anti-Fed became Rep. (Dem-Rep): artisans, farmers, states rights – diff from Lincoln 1800 1st peaceful transfer of power
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2. Era of One Party Rule Era of Good Feelings
Republicans elected on a regular basis President and Congress Federalist Party disappeared – no competition Not support strong national gov, but . . . Louisiana Purchase Florida Established a national bank James Monroe
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3. Two Party Rule: Dem & Whigs
Republican Party split John Quincy Adams – National Republicans Andrew Jackson – Democrats (defeated Adams 1828) Favored personal liberty, common man National Republicans became Whigs 1820 – Dem. encouraged participation of masses Food and polling places Rallies, parades Made citizens feel part of process
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Whig party split – slavery
4. Civil War & post Whig party split – slavery Southern Whigs ceased to exits as a party Northern Whigs united with Democrats and Free Soil Party Formed the Republican Party – Lincoln’s party After war, south joined Democratic Party Grew in strength: 3/5 count abolished Golden Age : period of stability
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Early 1900’s Progressivism
Republican’s grew in strength with development of populist movement in West Farmers: inflation reduced real value of outstanding debts - Democrats Urban blue collar worker: reduced purchasing power of paycheck – Republicans Early 1900’s Progressivism Fear of growing power of great corporations Need to regulate the economy 1912 – Republican Party split – Bull Moose, spoiler role – Woodrow Wilson won W. Wilson introduced eco regulations
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6. New Deal Republican Party opposed federal relief
FDR elected 4 terms Opened New Deal programs to all African-American’s flooded to party Eisenhower in 1950’s only Republican during this era.
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7. Modern Era Divided Government
No one party controlled the government Democratic Party African Americans and those who were hostile to them Southerners left party – Dixiecrats 1960’s decade of civil rights movement, race riots, Viet Nam protests, assassinations Social issues became more important than economic
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Republicans had more success in the Whitehouse, Democrats in Congress
Democrats controlled WH & Congress : Carter : Clinton (only 2 years) Republicans controlled WH & Congress : GW Bush
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Future of Political Parties
Power lost: Recruit member through spoils system Conduct elections, Print ballots Primaries selecting nominees Civil service laws – merit based Issue-oriented politics, ticket-splitting TV: emphasizes individuals over party Independents: 19% 1958, 40% 2012
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Political Parties provide:
Nomination of candidates Vetting of candidates Inform voters Activate voter participation Policy formulation and promotion Watchdog function for out-of-power party
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Third Party / Minor Party http://www.presidentsusa.net/thirdparty.html
2000 – Ralph Nader, Green Party 1996, 1992 – Ross Perot, Reform Party 1968 – George Wallace, Am Independent Party 1924 – Robert LaFollette, Progressive Party 1912 – Teddy Roosevelt, Bull Moose Party 1856 – Millard Fillmore, American Party
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3rd Party Rise Sectionalism: Dixiecrats 1968
Economic protest: Populists 1892 Specific Issues: Green Party 2000 Ideology – Socialists, Communists, Liberterian Charismatic Personalities – George Wallace, American Independent Party Failures of Major Parties – Perot, Nader
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Why do 3rd Parties remain Minor Parties?
Single-member plurality- winner takes all Major parties automatically placed on ballots 3rd parties gather signatures PA 67,000 signatures, registered voters who voted Not invited to debates Legislatures organized for 2 parties Public funding more generous to major party Media tends to ignore “non-winners”
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Value of Minor Parties Popularize new ideas
Anti Masons 1st to nominate candidates at National Conventions Vehicle for popular discontent – critic Induce change in major parties Spoiler Role in elections 2000 – Nader, Gore, Bush 1912 – Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
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Types of Minor Parties Ideological – Libertarian, Socialist,
Long lived Single-issue – Know Nothings, Free Soil Disappears once resolved Economic Protest – Greenbacks, Populists Disappear once the economy improves Splinter – split away from a major party Most important minor party Formed around strong personalities Bull Moose, Green, Reform
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Party in the Government
Congressional Party Selects party leaders and committee appts. Organize and operate Congress Majority party generally holds more power Hurt by Individualistic nature of current politics Independents Split-ticket voting
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Party in Electorate Citizen’s personal affinity for a political party
Sources: Parents Marriage and other aspects of adult life Charismatic political personalities Cataclysmic events Social class
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