1. FAS Brain Images

4. Photo courtesy of Sterling Clarren, MD Brain of baby with Brain of baby with heavy no exposure to alcohol prenatal exposure to alcohol

5. 5-day old with FAS

6. Children With FAS

8. Corpus Callosum - a band of nerve fibers that forms the major communication link between the right and left halves of the brain. Prenatal alcohol exposure is the most common cause of impaired development or complete absence of the corpus callosum, Approximately 7 percent of children with FAS may lack a corpus callosum, an incidence 20 times higher than that in the general population.

9. Hippocampus - plays an important role in memory.

10. Hypothalamus - controls emotions, appetite, pain sensation, and temperature.

11. Cerebellum - controls behavior and memory, coordination and movement.

12. Basal Ganglia - affects spatial memory, behaviors like perseveration, and the ability to switch modes, work toward goals, predict behavioral outcomes, affects time perception.

13. Frontal Lobes - controls judgment and impulses. The most noteworthy damage to the brain probably occurs in the prefrontal cortex, which controls Executive Functions (Kellerman, 2002). See table.

14. Executive Functions Source: http://www.come-over.to/FAS/FASbrain.htm Executive functions of the prefrontal cortex: inhibition planning time perception internal ordering working memory self-monitoring verbal self-regulation motor control regulation of emotion motivation

15. Executive Functions Source: http://www.come-over.to/FAS/FASbrain.htm Effects of alcohol exposure on behaviors related to executive functions: socially inappropriate behavior, as if inebriated inability to apply consequences from past actions difficulty with abstract concepts or time and money like files out of order, difficulty processing info. storing and/or retrieving information needs frequent cues, requires “policing” by others needs to talk to self out loud, needs feedback fine motor skills more affected than gross motor moody “roller coaster” emotions, exaggerated apparent lack of remorse, need external motivators

16. Corpus Callosum Mattson, et al., 1994; Mattson & Riley, 1995; Riley et al., 1995

17. Left brain/Right brain The Corpus Callosum Left Brain Language Math Logic Right Brain Spatial abilities Visual Imagery Music Face recognition

18. Red arrow points to corpus callosum of person with FAS Red arrow points to corpus callosum of a normal individual MRI photos courtesy of Dr. Ed Riley, San Diego University

19. Individuals affected by FAS Missing corpus callosum of individual with FAS Small corpus callosum of an individual with FAS MRI photos courtesy of Dr. Ed Riley, San Diego University