1. Chapter 5 Sections 1-4

2.  Factors influencing the Earth’s climates  Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomes  Characteristics of major biome types  Human impacts on the biosphere

3.  Benefits of wind  Hazards of wind  “Red tides”  Volcanoes and climate  Everything is connected Fig. 5-1, p. 78

5.  Differences between weather and climate  Major factors determining climate ◦ Uneven heating of Earth’s surface ◦ Earth’s rotation ◦ Properties of air, water, and land

6. Fig. 5-2, p. 80

7. 60ºN 30ºN 0º 30ºs 60ºS Cold deserts Westerlies Forests Hot deserts Northeast trades Forests Equator Hot deserts Forests Southeast trades Westerlies Cold deserts Fig. 5-3, p. 80

8. Fig. 5-4, p. 81 Cell 3 South Moist air rises — rain Cell 2 South Cool, dry air falls Cell 1 South Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Cell 1 North Cool, dry air falls Cell 2 North Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 North Cold,dry air falls Polar cap Arctic tundra 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° Polar cap Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Tropical deciduous forest Equator Tropical rain forest Tropical deciduous forest Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Cold,dry air falls

9. OOcean currents and wind CCurrents: warm and cold ocean currents, currents redistribute absorbed solar heat from one place to another, influence vegetation and climate near coastal regions. WWind: moving away from coastal regions result in upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich bottom waters as surface water moves offshore. These nutrients support large populations of phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish and sea birds GGases in the atmosphere ◦G◦Greenhouse gases and the Greenhouse Effect ◦W◦Water vapor, CO2, CH4, & Nitrous Dioxide ◦G◦Greenhouse effect: allows mostly visible light, some infrared radiation and ultraviolet radiatin to pass through the troposphere causing natural warming TTopography and local climate RRainshadow effect: an air mass moves inland from an ocean, reaches a mountain range, and as the air is forced to rise, it cools and loses moisture on the windward side. The leeward side of the mountain will be drier due to the loss of moisture on the windward side. MMicroclimates in urban areas BBricks, asphalt and other building materials create distinct microclimates in cities that are warmer, have more have and smog and lower wind speeds than the contryside around them.

10. Fig. 5-5, p. 82 (a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. (b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into space as heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wave-length IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere. (c) As concentrations of green-house gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere.

11. Fig. 5-6, p. 82 Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean. On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture. On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture. Dry habitats Moist habitats Windward side Leeward side

12. Fig. 5-7, p. 83 Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen conif forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Desert Ice Mountains (complex zonation) Semidesert, arid grassland Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer

13. Fig. 5-8, p. 84 Polar Subpolar Tropical Chaparral Grassland Desert Scrubland Savanna Dry Cold Tundra Coniferous forest Decreasing Temperate precipitation Decreasing Deciduous forest Tropical seasonal forest Wet Hot Rain forest temperature

14. Mountain Ice and snow Altitude Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Latitude Fig. 5-9, p. 85

15. Climate – Weather - Biomes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sB5yZFNi-Jc&feature=related

16. Desert Biomes DDDDeserts: have little precipitation and vegetation. They are found in tropical, temperate, and polar regions. Approx 30% of the Earth’s surface is desert. TTTTropical: hot, dry most of the year with few plants, rocks and sand. TTTTemperate: high day temperatures in summer, low temperatures in winter with more rain than in tropical deserts. Plants are widely spaced, mostly drought- resistant shrubs, cacti/succulents CCCCold/Polar: cold winters, warm summers with low rainfall

17. Fig. 5-10a, p. 86 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Gambel's quail Red-tailed hawk Collared lizard Jack rabbit Yucca Kangaroo rat Agave Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling beetle Bacteria Prickly pear cactus

18. Fig. 5-11, p. 87 Large desert cities Soil destruction by off- road vehicles and urban development Soil sanitization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity

19.  Effects of drought, herbivores, and fires : have enough water to support grasses, but few if any, trees. They persist because of seasonal drought, grazing by large herbivores, occasional fires that keep shrubs and trees from growing.  Savanna: usually has warm temperatures year-round, two long dry seasons with much rain the rest of the year. ◦ Large herds of grazing animals ◦ Competition for plant materials minimized due to specialized eating habits ◦ Many animals killed for coats, tusks, and ivory  Grazers and browsers: over grazing of a number of areas has led to sagebrush desert instead of grassland  Temperate grasslands : have cold winters, hot, dry summers, and deep, fertile soils  Prairies: N. America  tall grass prairies and short grass prairies, used for raising cattle and crops  Tundra: polar grassland, treeless, cold plains, waterlogged during summer  Permafrost: is permanently frozen layer of soil when water freezes

20. Fig. 5-12, p. 88 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Bacteria Golden eagle Prairie dog Blue stem grass Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Pronghorn antelope Prairie coneflower

21. Fig. 5-13, p. 88

22. Fig. 5-14, p. 89

23. Fig. 5-15, p. 89 Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland Release of CO 2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles

24.  Types of forests: ◦ Tropical rain forests : near the equator, have hot, humid conditions and almost daily rainfall  Broadleaf evergreen plants: dominate in rain forest, most animal life is found in the sunny canopy later of the forest ◦ Temperate deciduous forests: grow in areas with moderate average temperatures, abundant rainfall and long, warm summers  Broadleaf deciduous forests: leaves drop in fall, trees become dormant, and new leaves grow in spring ◦ Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas): located in areas just south of artic tundra around the northern sub-artic regions of the earth  Muskegs: soil type containing various dead plants in stages of decomposition, moss/peat  AKA: bog ◦ Coastal coniferous (temperate rain) forests  Oregon coast

25. Fig. 5-16, p. 90 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Bacteria Bromeliad Ants Tree frog Green tree snake Katydid Climbing monstera palm Squirrel monkeys Blue and gold macaw Harpy eagle Ocelot Slaty-tailed trogon

26. Fig. 5-18a, p. 92 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Bacteria Fungi Wood frog Racer Shagbark hickory White-tailed deer White-footed mouse White oak Gray squirrel Hairy woodpecker Broad-winged hawk Long-tailed weasel May beetle Mountain winterberry Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae

27. Fig. 5-18b-c, p. 92

28. Fig. 5-19b, p. 93

29. Fig. 5-20, p. 94 Natural Capital Degradation Forests Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations Damage to soils from off-road vehicles

30.  Aquatic life zones: cover ~ 71% of the earth’s surface ◦ Saltwater ◦ Freshwater

31. Fig. 5-23a, p. 96

32. Fig. 5-23b-c, p. 96

33.  Phytoplankton: plant plankton  Zooplankton: animal plankton  Nekton: fish, turtles and whales  Benthos: bottom dwellers: barnacles, oysters, worms, lobsters and crabs  Decomposers: break down organic matter into simple nutrients for use by producers

34.  Temperature  Sunlight (photosynthesis, euphotic zone)  Dissolved oxygen content  Availability of nutrients (net primary productivity)

35.  Open ocean  Coastal zone  Estuaries  Coastal wetlands  Mangrove swamps  Intertidal zones (rocky shores and barrier beaches)  Coral reefs

36. Natural Capital Ecological Services Climate moderation CO 2 absorption Nutrient cycling Waste treatment and dilution Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species Genetic resources and biodiversity Scientific information Economic Services Food Animal and pet feed (fish meal) Pharmaceuticals Harbors and transportation routes Coastal habitats for humans Recreation Employment Offshore oil and natural gas Minerals Building materials Marine Ecosystems Fig. 5-25, p. 97

37. Fig. 5-32, p. 103 Ocean warming Soil erosion Algae growth from fertilizer runoff Mangrove destruction Coral reef bleaching Rising sea levels Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers Natural Capital Degradation Coral Reefs

38. Fig. 5-33, p. 103 Marine Ecosystems Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed Natural Capital Degradation

39.  Standing water (lakes)  Flowing water (streams)

40. Fig. 5-34, p. 104 Freshwater Systems Ecological Services Economic Services Climate moderation Nutrient cycling Waste treatment and dilution Flood control Groundwater recharge Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species Genetic resources and biodiversity Scientific information Food Drinking water Irrigation water Hydroelectricity Transportation corridors Recreation Employment Natural Capital

41. Fig. 5-36, p. 106 Rain and snow Water Sediment LakeGlacierRapids Waterfall Tributary Flood plain Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Ocean Deposited sediment Source Zone Transition Zone Floodplain Zone

42.  Dams, diversions and canals  Flood control levees and dikes  Pollutants from cities and farmlands  Wetland destruction