1. What Behaviors Can You Observe?
1. Observe the behavior of baby rats for a few minutes. Write down your observations.
Place some food near the animal and observe the animal’s behavior.
If there are other animals in the cage or aquarium, observe how the animals interact—for example, do they groom each other or ignore each other?
Note any other events that seem to make the animal change its behavior.
What are some circumstances under which you would expect an animal’s behavior to change suddenly?

2. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
WHAT IS BEHAVIOR?

3. The Behavior of Animals
all the actions an animal performs
Avoid predators
Obtain food
Find a mate

4. Behavior as Response Stimulus Response Reaction to a stimulus
Signal that causes an organism to react in some way
Response
Reaction to a stimulus
All animal behaviors are caused by a stimulus

5. The Functions Of Behavior
Help an animal survive
Help an animal reproduce

6. Behavior by Instinct Instinct
Response to a stimulus that is inborn and that an animal performs correctly the first time
Ex – earthworm crawls away from light
Ex – baby kangaroo crawls into mother’s pouch
Ex – birds building a nest

7. Skills Activity
Hawks, which have short necks, prey on gull chicks. Geese, which have long necks, do not prey on the chicks. When newly hatched gull chicks see any bird’s shadow, they instinctively crouch down. As the chicks become older, they continue to crouch when they see the shadow of a hawk, but they learn not to crouch when they see a goose’s shadow. Predict how older gull chicks will behave when they see bird shadows shaped like A, B, and C. Explain your prediction.

9. Baby birds chirping

11. Learned Behavior Learning
The process that leads to changes in behavior based on practice or experience
Imprinting
Conditioning
Trial-and-error learning
Insight learning

12. Learned Behavior Not usually done perfect the first time Part genetic
Ex – lions born with the “tools” for hunting but master hunting skills through experience

13. Imprinting
Process where newly hatched birds and newborn animals recognize and follow the first moving object they see
Usually the mother
Cannot be changed
Keeps young animals close to their mother
Allows young animals to learn what other animals of their own species look like

14. Lorenz

15. Conditioning
learning a particular stimulus or response leads to a good or bad outcome

16. Pavlov’s Dog

17. Little Albert
Rats
Dogs
Bunnies
Santa Claus
Coats

18. Little Albert

19. “A-maze-ing” Mice - What Is Behavior?
A scientist conducted an experiment to find out whether mice would learn to run a maze more quickly if they were given rewards. She set up two identical mazes. In one maze, cheese was placed at the end of the correct route through the maze. No cheese was placed in the second maze.

20. “A-maze-ing” Mice - What Is Behavior? Reading Graphs:
On day 1, what was the average time it took mice with the cheese reward to complete the maze?
25 minutes

21. “A-maze-ing” Mice - What Is Behavior? Calculating:
On day 6, how much faster did mice with a reward complete the maze than mice without a reward?
10 minutes

22. “A-maze-ing” Mice - What Is Behavior? Interpreting Data:
What was the manipulated variable in this experiment? Explain.
Whether a reward of cheese was given; the amount and kind of cheese for the reward should stay the same in repetitions.

23. “A-maze-ing” Mice - What Is Behavior? Drawing Conclusions:
Was the rate of learning faster for mice with the cheese reward or without the cheese reward? Explain.
After the second day, the rate of learning was faster with a reward given as positive reinforcement; mice learned to run the maze through trial and error; conditioning helped the mice learn that using the correct route through the maze would result in a reward, reinforcing and probably speeding up their response.

24. Trial-and-Error Learning
An animal learns to perform a behavior more and more skillfully
Ex – riding a bike
Ex – dog vs. porcupine

25. Dachshund Plays Fetch by Himself

26. Cat Massage

27. Insight Learning
The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known
Advanced form of learning
Seen in primates
Video – McDougall Littell – Ch. 27 Chimps using tools

28. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR

29. Communication Comes in many forms
Animals use mostly sounds, scents, and body movements
Attract mates
Warning
Location of food

30. - Patterns of Behavior
Communication
These ants are finding their way to the sugar by following a pheromone trail.
Pheromone – chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal

31. Bat Communication

32. Bee Communication

33. Fire Flies

34. Cicadas

35. Competitive Behavior
Animals compete with one another for limited resources such as food, water, space, shelter, and mates

36. Aggression
Thereatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another
Within same species – rarely ends in injury or death

37. Gorilla Fight

38. Establishing Territory
An area that is occupied and defended by an animal or group of animals
Protects resources such as food and mates
May use calls, droppings, scratches or pheremones

39. Bull Elephants fighting

40. Bear vs. Badger

41. Attracting a Mate Courtship Behavior
Males and females of the same species prepare for mating
Can be competitive
Displays
Calls
Video – McDougall Littell – Ch. 27 courtship display

42. Peackock

43. Blue Footed Boobie

44. Fiddler Crab

45. Greater Grouse

46. Black Grouse

47. Elephant Seals

48. Anole

49. Birds of Paradise

50. Flamingo

51. Fish

52. Damselfly

53. What Females Want

54. What Males Will Do

55. Group Behavior Living in groups enables animals to cooperate
Work together to find food
Defense from predators
School of fish – harder for predator to see an individual fish

56. Parenting and Social Primate Behavior

57. Social Structure

58. Animal Societies
A society is a group of closely related animals of the same species that work together in a highly organized way.

59. Mole Rats

60. Behavior Cycles
Cyclic Behaviors usually change over the course of a day or season
Circadian rythms
Behavior cycles that occur over a period of approxiamtely one day
Rest in day/ active at night

61. Hibernation/Estivation
State of greatly reduced body activity during winter months when food is scarce
Estivation
Reduced activity during the summer or very hot periods when food and water is scarce

62. Migration
Regular, seasonal journey of an animal from one place to another and back again
Search for food
Search for mates
Navigate using sight, taste, Earth’s magnetic fields, scent

63. - Patterns of Behavior
Migration
Golden plovers migrate to South America for the winter, and back to North America in the summer to reproduce.

64. Click the Video button to watch a movie about migration.
- Patterns of Behavior
Migration
Click the Video button to watch a movie about migration.

65. Wildebeast Migration

66. Monarch Migration

67. Magnetism and Migration

68. Graphic Organizer Learning Insight learning Imprinting Conditioning
can be
Insight learning
Imprinting
Conditioning
Trial-and-error
such as
such as
such as
such as
Ducklings swimming by following their mother
A dog going to its master when called
Learning to tie shoes
Solving a math problem