1. Theories of Personality Bandura
Chapter 16
© 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

2. Outline Overview of Social Cognitive Theory
Biography of Albert Bandura
Learning
Triadic Reciprocal Causation
Human Agency
Self-Regulation
Cont’d

3. Outline Dysfunctional Behavior Therapy Related Research
Critique of Bandura
Concept of Humanity

4. Overview of Social Cognitive Theory
Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events Are Important
Central Human Characteristic Is Plasticity
Emphasis on Vicarious Learning
Rely on Behavioral, Environmental, and Personal Factors
People have Capacity to Regulate Nature and Their Lives
People Regulate through Internal and External Factors
In Morally Ambiguous Situations, People Regulate Selves through Moral Agency

5. Biography of Bandura Born in Alberta, Canada in 1925
Earned his PhD in clinical psychology in 1951 at the University of Iowa
Published Adolescent Aggression in 1959
President of American Psychological Association in 1974
Professor at Stanford for over 50 years
Investigates hypotheses generated by his social cognitive theory

6. Learning Observational Learning Enactive Learning Modeling
Processes governing observational learning
Attention
Representation
Behavioral Production
Motivation
Enactive Learning

7. Triadic Reciprocal Determinism
Human Action Is Result of Interaction Among Three Variables:
Environment
Behavior
Person
Differential Contributions
The relative influence of behavior, environment, and person depends on which of the triadic factors is strongest at the moment
Chance Encounters and Fortuitous Events
Unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other or environmental experience that is unexpected or unintended

8. Human Agency Core Features of Human Agency: 1. Intentionality
2. Forethought
3. Self-Reactiveness
4. Self-Reflectiveness

9. Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy Proxy Agency Collective Efficacy
What is self-efficacy?
What contributes to self-efficacy?
Mastery experiences
Social modeling
Social persuasion
Physical and emotional states
Does self-efficacy predict behavior?
Proxy Agency
Collective Efficacy

10. Self-Regulation Self-Regulation External factors in self-regulation
Internal factors in self-regulation
Self-Observation
Judgmental Process
Self-Reaction
Self-regulation through moral agency
Redefine the Behavior
Disregard or Distort the Consequences of Behavior
Dehumanize or Blame the Victims
Displace or Diffuse Responsibility

11. Dysfunctional Behavior
Depression
Occurs in any of three self-regulatory subfunctions:
Self-observation
Judgmental processes
Self-reactions
Phobias
Fears that have severe debilitating effects on one’s daily life
Learned in three ways:
Direct contact
Inappropriate generalization
Observational experiences
Aggression
Learned through:
Observation of others
Direct experiences with positive and negative reinforcements
Training or instruction
Bizarre beliefs

12. Therapy
Deviant behaviors are socially learned and then maintained because they serve a function
The ultimate goal of social cognitive therapy is self-regulation
Three steps in successful therapy:
Instigate some change in behavior
Covert or cognitive modeling
Enactive mastery
Systematic desensitization

13. Related Research Self-Efficacy and Terrorism
Fischer et al. (2009)
Religion, self-efficacy, and coping with threats of terrorism
When threat is salient only, self-efficacy and intrinsic religiosity are crucial in lessening the detrimental impact of the threat
Self-Efficacy and Diabetes
Sacco et al. (2007)
In diabetic patients, greater self-efficacy increases adherence to doctors’ orders and sense of control over disease, lowers BMI, decreases depression and number and severity of diabetes symptoms
The relationships between self-efficacy and adherence, BMI, diabetes symptoms, and depression are reciprocal

14. Critique of Bandura Bandura’s Theory Is:
Very High on Generating Research, Internal Consistency, and Parsimony
High on Falsifiability, Organizing Knowledge, and Practicality

15. Concept of Humanity Free Choice over Determinism
Optimism over Pessimism
Equal Emphasis on Teleology and Causality
Conscious over Unconscious
Social Factors over Biology
Uniqueness over Similarity