1. History of Conservation Biology

2. Development of Western Conservation Attitudes philosophies and ideals may be traced to the late 1800s pragmatic utilitarianism- natural resource disciplines and government agencies romantic preservationists- wilderness advocacy science/ecology- The Nature Conservancy

3. Western conservation philosophy is rooted in Judeo-Christian view of nature as created to serve the human race.

4. Political, economic, and intellectual attitudes stem from a democratic view - increased access of individuals to natural resources; incentive to exploit nature.

5. Impacts of Industrial and Scientific Revolutions Provided new means of exploiting resources and a new concept of nature.

6. Cycles of Crisis and Activity

7. Transcendentalism (1850-1865) The alteration of the eastern landscape stimulated and aesthetic appreciation of the natural areas that remained.

8. Ralph Waldo Emerson rejected material goals and sought harmony through the contemplation of nature.

9. Henry David Thoreau naturalist, author, and philosopher "In wilderness is the preservation of the world."

10. Closing of the Western Frontier (1890-1905) By the end of the 19th century settlement in North America had reached the Pacific Ocean.

11. Federal Agencies Were Established National Park system- 1872 Forest Service- 1889 Bureau of Reclamation- 1902 National Refuge system- 1903

12. John Muir (1838-1914) naturalist and writer who stimulated interest in the natural history of the western mountains.

13. Muir’s Accomplishments Established Sierra Club Met with government officials Wrote to inform the public. Sacramento Record-Union believed that land had recreational and cultural significance.

14. Theodore Roosevelt Established 86 wildlife refuges in 17 states and three territories

15. Gifford Pinchot Prussian trained forester 1st director of Forestry in US

16. Dust Bowl Era (1930-1940) Agriculture spread into marginal lands Water erosion and flooding plagued the Midwest while drought and wind erosion plagued the Central Plains. Economic Depression Widespread recognition of new concepts in Ecology.

17. Population Explosion & Environmental Pollution (1960-1975) Economic expansion Explosive growth of technology Human population growth - post-war baby boom Industrial growth

18. Increased Environmental Awareness Wilderness Act- 1964 Environmental Protection Agency- 1970 Endangered Species Act- 1973

19. The Biodiversity Crisis (1990- ?) Geographic Information Systems National Biological Service- 1993 Consolidated research personnel from various federal bureaus. Emergence of Conservation Biology as a discipline

20. Results of European Colonization of N America: Rapid Alteration of Natural Ecosystems dam building predator elimination species introductions logging forests mining overgrazing erosion litter and pollution

21. ”The Pioneer Spirit" wilderness was an enemy that needed to be conquered

22. Initially, reservations were created mainly for the preservation of timber and for recreational uses rather than for the protection of native species.

23. It was not until the mid 1900's that people began to consider species preservation an end in itself

24. Conservationists -vs- Environmentalists

25. Idealism vs Realism conservationists are idealistic Idealism- Land has inherent aesthetic value to man. Realism- Most people only see as land having economic value.

26. Rachel Carson