1. Federal Indian Policy OS215 Contemporary Native American Issues Tuesday, January 31, 2012

2. Major Policy Eras 1775-1820s: Sovereign to Sovereign 1830s-1850s: Removal 1850s-1890s: Reservation 1870s-1930s: Assimilation 1930s-1950s: Self-Rule 1950s-1960s: Termination 1960s-1988: Self-Determination 1988-Present: Self-Determination/Self-Governance

3. 1775-1820s: Sovereign to Sovereign The United States Congress shall have power “To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes.” (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) (1787) Johnson v. McIntosh (1823) Treaty Signing Chief Justice John Marshall

4. Sovereign to Sovereign Treaty with the Chippewa, 1842, ARTICLE 2: “The Indians stipulate for the right of hunting on the ceded territory, with the other usual privileges of occupancy, until required to remove by the President of the United States, and that the laws of the United.”

5. 1830s-1850s: Removal Indian Removal Act of 1830 Andrew Jackson

6. Sandy Lake Tragedy Zachary Taylor

7. Ojibwa Delegation to Washington, DC, 1852 Kechewaishke - Chief Buffalo

8. 1850s-1890s: Reservation Treaty with the Chippewa, 1854 L’Anse Indian Reservation: 44,379 acres (81% of the total land mass) has been lost since 1854 to present.

9. 1870s-1930s: Assimilation Dawes Allotment Act of 1887 Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

10. 1930s-1950s: Self-Rule

11. 1950s-1960s: Termination Immediate termination of Federal relationship with the Menominee and Klamath tribes in 1953Menominee Klamath Belief that Native Americans would be better off assimilated into mainstream American society

12. 1960s-Present: Self-Determination Next Thursday…