1. CRM 1204 CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
LECTURE 1: Introduction to Crew Resource Management Course

2. Lecturer Introduction
Name: Zuliana Ismail
Consultation Hour: Anytime

3. Course Introduction Name: CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Course Code: CRM 1204
Credit Hour: 4
Timetable: Wednesday 3 pm-5.30 pm
Class Duration: 2.5 hrs per week (35 hrs per sem)

4. Cont… Method of Evaluation: Attendance: 5% Test: 20%
Assignment/Project: 15%
Final Exam: 60%

5. Course Outline Please pay attention to: Learning Objectives
Learning Outcomes
Course Synopsis
Course Syllabus
These will guide you through the whole course
Show and present the course outline to the student after this.

6. Any question regarding course outline???

7. How to be good learner?? Give 100% attention to the lecture
Participate and active in class
Ask question.
Try answer the question.
Study in the group.
Teach your friend if you know better (don’t be stingy)
Always see the lecturer to discuss any academic problem.

8. Reminder Know your goal and plan properly.
Do revision/study before and after class time.
Eager to do research.
Put interest in the subject.
Discipline (e.g. always be punctual!!).
Always put academic as your priority.
Keeping good mental and physical health.
Spend some time for meditation (pray).
Train to have strong imagination.

9. I’m here to assist you, but you are the one who will make a decision =)

10. Learning Outcomes By the end of this session, we should be able to:
Realize the need of CRM training in aviation
Understanding the basic concept of CRM
Understanding the role of crew in CRM
Understanding the concept of error chain
List the elements in the CRM
Identify the resource in CRM

11. WHY AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT HAPPENED?

12. Percent of Accidents with Known Causes

13. The Fact!!!
In the 1970's investigators discovered that more than 70% of air crashes involve human error in a culture and work environment in the cockpit rather than failures of equipment or weather.

14. ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL)
8/16/98
ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL)
HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES
RELATIVE
PROPORTION OF
ACCIDENT
CAUSES
(HUMAN VS
MECHANICAL)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
MECHANICAL CAUSES
TIME (31 YEARS)
11/24/2009
Zuliana AMC
FAA CORPORATE AVIATION SEMINAR

15. Before we proceed lets take a look to several major aircraft disasters….

16. United Airlines DC-8 Flight 173 December 28, 1978
The plane ran out of fuel and crashed, killing 10.
CAUSES
Loss of Situational Awareness
Lack of Assertiveness
Results of a relatively minor landing gear problem, a United Airlines DC-8 was in a holding pattern while awaiting landing at Portland, Oregon.
Although the first officer knew the aircraft was low on fuel, he failed to express his concerns convincingly to the captain. The plane ran out of fuel and crashed, killing 10.

17. Tenerife airport disaster March 27th 1977
Pan-Am Boeing 747 and KLM Boeing 747 collide on the runway at Tenerife airport. (worst accident in history). 583 peoples killed.
CAUSES
Loss of Situational Awareness
Poor communications
Poor Decision Making
Stress
The KLM B747 Captain initiated a takeoff without permission while the Pan Am B747 aircraft was using the runway to taxi out for landing.
Confusion over instructions and a blockage of radio transmissions contributed to the crash.
With a total of 583 killed, this accident remains the deadliest accident in aviation history.

18. Mid-Air Collision November 12, 1996
Saudi Arabian airliner and a Kazakhstan plane collided in mid-air near New Delhi, India. 349 peoples onboard both aircraft died.
CAUSES
Poor Communication due to language barriers problem.
The Kazakhstan pilot not sufficiently fluent in English and unable to understand an Indian controller giving instructions in English.

19. As a result of some major air disasters, the concept of cockpit resource management, now called Crew Resource Management (CRM), was born.
The reason for the change from "cockpit" to "crew" resource management training was because the training eventually branched out to include not only the pilots but also flight attendants, mechanics, dispatchers, management personnel, or in fact anyone who had a responsibility for the safe completion of a flight.

20. Interpersonal Communications Decision Making Leadership
Human Error
NASA research on the human error causes of air transport accidents:
Interpersonal Communications
Decision Making
Leadership

21. Crew Resource Management
Today, with crew performance the most significant threat to aviation safety, the industry has responded with an ambitious program to support effective crew coordination and performance:
Crew Resource Management
training

22. CRM History
Originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety.
The workshop on “Resource Management on the Flight Deck” and the study of flight crew performance in a B747 simulator started the process.
Now, CRM training for crew has been introduced and developed by aviation organizations including major airlines and military aviation worldwide.

23. What is CRM?
Management system (Non-Technical Knowledge) which makes optimum use of all available resources (equipment, people, and others) to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations

24. Resources of CRM People Pilots Cabin crews Air Traffic Control
Passengers etc.
Equipment
Instruments in cockpit and cabin
(Procedure)
Others
Checklist chart
Operation manual etc.
Resources of
CRM

25. Situational Awareness
Elements of CRM
Communication
Leadership
Workload Management
Decision Making
Teamwork
Situational Awareness
Crew personality
Crew Stress
Crew Fatigue
Elements of CRM

26. 1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE
Objectives of CRM
1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE
2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR

27. Why CRM?
CRM training can enhance the ability to prevent and manage flight crew errors, and in maintaining continuity in flight crew performance of duties

28. Who is the Aircrew/Flight crew ??
Aircrew are the personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight.
The composition of the crew depends on the type of aircraft as well as the purpose of the flight
Aircrew
-Pilot in command (Captain)
-Flight Officer (F/O)
Flight Engineer
(F/E)
Flight Attendance (F/A) /Cabin Crew

29. Role of Crew Pilot Cabin Crew (Flight Attendance) Administration
Schedule and monitor the operation and maintenance of aircraft
Cabin Service
Ensure passengers are comfortable
Informing and guide the passengers of the aircraft safety procedures
Making announcement on behalf pilot and answering passenger questions.
Reassuring passengers and ensuring passengers follow all safety procedures
Provide first aid to passenger if necessary.
Pilot aircraft
Make critical decision
Determine airworthiness
Plan the flight route, acquire and interpret current and forecast weather information.
Determine amount of fuel necessary
Operate aircraft communication and radios
Aircraft Maintenance
Inspect aircraft condition
Schedule aircraft maintenance and make sure maintenance is done according to FAA regulation.
Technical Assistance

30. Goal: Safety of the flight and passengers
CRM Goal
Pilot
Flight Attendance
Goal: Safety of the flight and passengers

31. The Error Chain
In aviation “error chain” is a term referring to the concept that many contributing factors typically lead to an accident (mishap)
Should any of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur
It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain.

32. The Error Chain
For example, inadequate communications between crew members and other parties could lead to a loss of situational awareness, a breakdown in teamwork in the aircraft, and ultimately to a wrong decision or series of decisions which result in a serious incident or a fatal accident.

33. Now please take a look the good example when CRM is applied….

34. US Airways Flight 1549 January 15, 2009
Flight crew reported that the aircraft had struck a flock of birds, and that both engines had failed.
Successfully ditched in the Hudson River.
All 155 survive.
This accident is the example of:
Good teamwork: practicing by all air crew in handling the difficult situations.
Good communication: among pilot, ATC & Ground crews to bring the aircraft to emergency landing and evacuation
Good decision making: done by pilot to solve the problems.

35. Conclusion Commercial aviation in fact is one of the safest
forms of transportation.
. Anyone who is involved with the aircraft’s mission, anyone who is part of the crew, has his/her own role to play in CRM.

36. Continue…
Aviation observer has projected that this industry focus on crew performance has the potential to double system safety.
CRM training is the regulatory component of the United Nations that required for all 185 countries by ICAO.
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization

37. Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous
Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous. But to an even greater degree than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity or neglect.

38. Key Points Definition of CRM Objectives of CRM Resources in CRM
Importance of CRM training
Role and Goal of Crew in CRM
Elements of CRM
Error Chain

39. References
Driskell, E. Adams, J. (1992). Crew resource management: an introductory handbook. Washington DC.
(2006). CAA CAP 737 Crew Resource Management Training
Divide the group and assign each task

40. End of Presentation #1 Q/A session

41. Task
Please do some research and find out the caused of these accidents and relate them with human error:
United 727 at Salt Lake City: November 11, 1965 Crash during landing
Eastern L-1011 in Florida: December 29, 1972 Crash during approach
UAL Flight 173 near Portland: December 28, Crash during approach
Saudi Arabian Airlines L1011 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: August 19, 1980 Crash during take-off
Air Florida 737 in Washington, D.C. : January 13, 1982 Crash shortly after take-off
Air Canada DC-9 at Cincinnati International Airport : June 2, 1983 Crash while cruising at feet
Air Ontario Fokker 28 at Dryden : March 10, 1989 Crash
American Airlines Flight 965 near Cali: December 20, 1995
Set the group of student and assign the tasks for each group.

42. Quote of the Day
Man must rise above the Earth—to the top of the atmosphere and beyond—for only thus will he fully understand the world in which he lives.
— Socrates