1. Distinctive Features (307 bc) / p // b / Consonantal+ + Continuant– – Labial+ + Voiced– + Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 307.

2. / g / before Word-Final Nasal AB signsignature designdesignation paradigmparadigmatic signsigns / signing designdesigns / designing Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 309.

3. / g / before Word-Final Nasal AB signsignature designdesignation paradigmparadigmatic signsigns / signing designdesigns / designing Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 309.

4. / b / after Word-Final / m / AB bombbombardier iambiambic crumbcrumble bombbombing / bomber iambiambs crumbcrumbs climbclimbing / climber combcombs / combing lamblambs Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 310.

5. Optional Unstressed Syllable Deletion mysterymystry generalgenral memorymemry funeralfunral vigorousvigrous BarbaraBarbra Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 310.

6. Phonemic Representations and Phonetic Realizations A B compete [ i ] competition [  ] medicinal [ I ] medicine [  ] maintain [ e ] maintenance [  ] telegraph [ E ] telegraphy [  ] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, pp. 312-313.

7. A B analysis [  ] analytic [  ] solid [ a ] solidify [  ] phone [ o ] phonetic [  ] Talmudic [ Y ] Talmud [  ] Phonemic Representations and Phonetic Realizations Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, pp. 312-313.

8. English Syllable Structure σ OnsetRhyme Nucleus Coda s p l I n t s Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 318.

9. Chinese Syllable Structure σ Onset Rhyme Glide Nucleus Coda    N OPTIONAL ( ) ( ) ( ) { Nasal } { Glide } { Nothing } Adapted from The Segmental Phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan, fourth edition. Raung-fu Chung. Kaohsiung: Fu-Wen Books, 1995.

10. Analysis Procedure 1. Collect data 2. Look for phonological patterns and the contexts (or environments) that show similarities or differences (See TIP) 3. Organize data according to patterns or contexts 4. Identify the allophones and their associated environments 5. Formulate a generalization or rule TIP: Look for minimal pairs and complementary distribution

11. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 7, p. 332) English Alveolar non-sonorant consonants become palatalized before (high) front glide that is before a high back vowel +cons –cons +alveo  +palatal / __ –syllabic +syllabic –sonor +high +high +front +back

12. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 8, p. 333) Japanese Analyze [ t ], [ t  ], [ ts ] a. Complementary distribution? Yes b. [ t  ] before [ i ] [ ts ] before [ u ] [ t ] in other places c. All three are allophones of / t / d. Use / t / everywhere

13. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 9, p. 333) Paku (made-up language) 1. Stress: penultimate syllable 2. Nasalization of vowels is NOT distinctive. Rule: +nasal before a nasal consonant

14. Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 11, p. 334) EnglishPossible “Foreign” Word English Word a. [pHril] b. [skrit  ] c. [know] d. [maj] e. [gnostIk]

15. English Possible “Foreign” Word English Word f. [jun  krn g. [fruit] h. [blaft] i. [Nar] j. [  p  pHlEksi] Chapter 7 Homework (Exercise 11, p. 334)