1. Chapter 22: The Urinary System

2. Overview

3. Key Terms angiotensin glomerulonephritis renin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) glomerulus urea
calculi hemodialysis ureter
cystitis kidney urethra
dialysis micturition urinalysis
erythropoietin nephron urinary bladder
excretion pyelonephritis urine
glomerular filtrate reabsorption

4. Systems Involved in Excretion
Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the organs of the urinary system and give the functions of each.
2. List the systems that eliminate waste and name the substances eliminated by each.

5. Excretion
Body systems work interdependently to maintain homeostasis by excretion.
– Urinary
– Digestive
– Respiratory
– Integumentary

6. Organs of the Urinary System
Two kidneys
Two ureters
Single urinary bladder
Single urethra

7. Figure 22-1 Male urinary system.
What vessel supplies blood
to the renal artery?
What vessel receives blood from the renal vein?

8. Systems Involved in Excretion✓
Systems Involved in Excretion
Checkpoints 22-1 What are the organs of the urinary system? 22-2 What are some systems other than the urinary system that eliminate waste? 8

9. The Kidneys Learning Outcomes
3. List the activities of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis.
4. Trace the path of a drop of blood as it flows through the kidney.
5. Describe a nephron.
6. Name the four processes involved in urine formation and describe the action of each.
7. Identify hormones involved in urine formation and cite the function of each.

10. Kidney Activities Excretion Urea Water balance maintenance
Body fluid acid–base regulation
Blood pressure regulation
Angiotensin
Aldosterone
Red blood cell production regulation

11. Kidney Structure Membranous renal capsule of fibrous connective tissue
Adipose capsule of fat
Fascia anchors kidney to peritoneum and abdominal wall
Retroperitoneal space
Right kidney lower than left to accommodate liver

12. Blood Supply to the Kidney
Renal artery supplies blood
Nephrons are functional units
Renal vein drains blood

13. Kidney Organization Hilum Renal cortex (outer portion)
Renal medulla (inner portion)
Renal pyramids
Renal pelvis
Calyces

14. Figure 22-2 Kidney structure and the renal blood supply.
What is the outer region of the kidney called?
What is the inner region of the kidney called? 14

15. The Nephron Functional kidney unit Glomerular (Bowman) capsule
Glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Distal convoluted tube (DCT)
Collecting duct

16. Figure 22-3 A nephron and its blood supply.
Which of the two convoluted tubules arises closer to the glomerular capsule? Following along the length of the nephron, which convoluted tubule is farther away from the glomerular capsule? 16

17. Figure 22-4 Microscopic view of the kidney.17

18. ✓
The Kidneys
Checkpoints 22-3 The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space. Where is this space? 22-4 What vessel supplies blood to the kidney and what vessel drains blood from the kidney? 22-5 What are the outer and inner regions of the kidney called? 22-6 What is the functional unit of the kidney called? 22-7 What name is given to the coil of capillaries in the glomerular (Bowman) capsule? 18

19. Formation of Urine Glomerular filtration Glomerular filtrate
Tubular reabsorption
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Tubular secretion
Countercurrent mechanism
Concentration of urine
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

20. Figure 22-5 Glomerular filtration: The first step in urine formation.20

21. Figure 22-6 Concentration of urine by the countercurrent mechanism.21

22. Figure 22-7 Summary of urine formation in a nephron.
What vessels absorb materials that leave the nephron? 22

23. Control of Blood Pressure
Juxtaglomerular apparatus: Specialized cells that regulate kidney function
Triggered by low blood pressure
Secretes renin enzyme

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25. The Kidneys Learning Outcome
8. Describe the components and functions of the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus.

26. Figure 22-8 The juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus.26

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28. ✓
The Kidneys
Checkpoints 22-8 What is glomerular filtration? 22-9 What are the four processes involved in the formation of urine? What substance is produced by the JG apparatus and under what conditions is it produced? 28

29. Elimination of Urine Learning Outcomes
9. Describe the process of micturition.
10. Name three normal and six abnormal constituents of urine.

30. The Ureters Long, slender, muscular tubes Epithelial cell lining
Involuntary muscle layer
Fibrous connective tissue coat
Entirely extraperitoneal
Extend from kidney to urinary bladder
Move urine by gravity and peristalsis

31. The Urinary Bladder Temporary reservoir for urine Multiple layers
Mucous membrane
Transitional epithelium
Rugae
Connective tissue
Three-layered coat of involuntary muscle tissue
Incomplete coat of peritoneum
Trigone

32. Figure 22-9 The male urinary bladder.
What gland does the urethra pass through in the male? 32

33. The Urethra Tube that extends from the bladder to the outside Male
Part of both reproductive and urinary systems
Female
Entirely separate from reproductive system

34. Urination Process of expelling urine from bladder (micturition)
Involuntary control
Internal urethral sphincter
Voluntary control
External urethral sphincter

35. The Urine 95% water, 5% dissolved solids and gases pH averages 6.0
Specific gravity measures amount of dissolved substances
Normal range 1.002–1.040

36. Normal Constituents Dissolved solids normally found in urine
Nitrogenous waste products
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine
Electrolytes
Sodium chloride
Sulfates
Phosphates
Pigment

37. Abnormal Constituents
Urinalysis is evaluation of urine
Abnormal constituents
Glucose
Albumin
Blood
Ketones
White blood cells
Casts

38. ✓
Elimination of Urine
Checkpoints What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder? What openings form the bladder’s trigone? What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside? What are some normal constituents of urine? Abnormal constituents? 38

39. Disorders of the Urinary System
Learning Outcomes
11. Discuss several common disorders of the urinary system.
12. List six signs of chronic renal failure.
13. Explain the principle and purpose of kidney dialysis.

40. Disorders of the Urinary System
Portion of urinary system most prone to disorders is kidney

41. Kidney Disorders Kidney disorders may be acute or chronic.
Acute glomerulonephritis
Most common kidney disease
Pyelonephritis
Hydronephrosis
Polycystic kidney
Tumors
Kidney stones (calculi)
Renal failure
Leads to uremia, high levels of nitrogenous waste in the blood

42. Figure Kidney stones. 42

43. Figure Lithotripsy.
What does the word extracorporeal mean? 43

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45. Renal Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Kidney transplantation
Final option for treatment of kidney failure

46. Figure Dialysis. 46

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48. Disorders of the Ureters
Subdivision at renal pelvis
Constricted or abnormally narrow parts (strictures)
Renal ptosis
Ureterocele
Ureteral stones

49. Figure Ureterocele. 49

50. Bladder Disorders Rupture Cystitis Tumors
90% arise from epithelial lining
If bladder removed (cystectomy), ureters diverted to part of ileum in an ilial conduit
Urinary incontinence
Stress incontinence
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Enuresis

51. Figure Cystoscopy. 51

52. Figure Ileal conduit. 52

53. Disorders of the Urethra
Congenital anomalies
Narrowing of opening or urethra itself
Presence of valve-like structure at junction of urethra and bladder
Hypospadias
Urethritis
Straddle injuries

54. Figure Hypospadias. 54

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56. Disorders of the Urinary System✓
Disorders of the Urinary System
Checkpoints What is the difference between acute and chronic kidney disorders? What is the scientific name for stones, as may occur in the urinary tract? What is the term for inflammation of the bladder? 56

57. The Effects of Aging Loss of ability to concentrate urine
Decrease in number and size of nephrons
Increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Urinary infections
Prostate enlargement
Decreased bladder capacity
Incontinence

58. Case Study Learning Outcome
14. Referring to the case study, describe how urethral blockage can affect kidney function. 58

59. Word Anatomy Learning Outcome
15. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the urinary system. 59

60. Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example retro- backward, behind
The retroperitoneal space is posterior to the peritoneal cavity.
nephr/o
kidney
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
pyel/o
renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the nephrons and renal pelvis.
dia-
through
Dialysis is the separation (-lysis) of molecules based on their ability to pass through a semipermeable membrane.
-cele
swelling, enlarged space
A uterocele is formed as the end of the ureter bulges into the bladder.
noct/i
night
Nocturia is excessive urination at night.

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