1. COS 312 DAY 4 Tony Gauvin

2. Ch 1 -2 Agenda Questions? Assignment 1 Corrected – 7 A’s – Few minor issues with style and conventions Assignment 2 Posted – Due Feb 5 prior to class Capstones proposals due Feb 5 – Can be a group project Finish Using Classes and Objects (Chap 3 of text) Begin Using Conditionals and Loops

3. Grading Criteria Criteria 130 % Does the program compile with no errors or warnings? Criteria 250% Does the program run and produce the intended outputs for the intended inputs? Criteria 35% Is the Code properly Commented? Criteria 45% Does the Code adhere to proper style and conventions for Java? Criteria 5 10% Is the code an original creative work of the student? Using leveraged code without citation  0 Students submitting duplicate code as another student  0 Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase1 - 3

4. Style Convention Issues No space between a method and it’s parameter list – System.out.println(“<- No Spaces”) Identifiers must not start with a capital letter – myFirstInt not MyFirstInt Spaces before after math operators – num1 + num2 not num1+num2 Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase1 - 4

5. The Halting Problem Will a program run to conclusion for a given set of inputs? Halting Theorem first proved to be unsolvable by Alan Turing (new movie The Imitation Game ) – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=macM_MtS_w4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=macM_MtS_w4 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92WHN-pAFCs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92WHN-pAFCs – http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~csk/halt/ http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~csk/halt/ – http://plus.maths.org/content/what-computers-cant- do http://plus.maths.org/content/what-computers-cant- do Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase1 - 5

6. Chapter 3 Using Classes and Objects

7. Formatting Ouput It is often necessary to format values in certain ways so that they can be presented properly The Java API contains classes that provide formatting capabilities The NumberFormat class allows you to format values as currency or percentages The DecimalFormat class allows you to format values based on a pattern Both are part of the java.text package Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 7

8. Formatting Output The NumberFormat class has static methods that return a formatter object getCurrencyInstance() getPercentInstance() Each formatter object has a method called format that returns a string with the specified information in the appropriate format for the given computer Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 8

9. Formatting Output Some methods of the NumberFormat class: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 9 http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/NumberFormat.html

10. //******************************************************************** // Purchase.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of the NumberFormat class to format output. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.NumberFormat; public class Purchase { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Calculates the final price of a purchased item using values // entered by the user. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { final double TAX_RATE = 0.06; // 6% sales tax int quantity; double subtotal, tax, totalCost, unitPrice; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); NumberFormat fmt1 = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(); NumberFormat fmt2 = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 10

11. System.out.print("Enter the quantity: "); quantity = scan.nextInt(); System.out.print("Enter the unit price: "); unitPrice = scan.nextDouble(); subtotal = quantity * unitPrice; tax = subtotal * TAX_RATE; totalCost = subtotal + tax; // Print output with appropriate formatting System.out.println("Subtotal: " + fmt1.format(subtotal)); System.out.println("Tax: " + fmt1.format(tax) + " at " + fmt2.format(TAX_RATE)); System.out.println("Total: " + fmt1.format(totalCost)); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 11 Code\Chap3\Purchase.java

12. Formatting Output The DecimalFormat class can be used to format a floating point value in various ways For example, you can specify that the number should be truncated to three decimal places The constructor of the DecimalFormat class takes a string that represents a pattern for the formatted number Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 12

13. Formatting Output Some methods of the DecimalFormat class: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 13 http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/DecimalFormat.html

14. //******************************************************************** // CircleStats.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the formatting of decimal values using the // DecimalFormat class. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.DecimalFormat; public class CircleStats { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Calculates the area and circumference of a circle given its // radius. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { int radius; double area, circumference; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter the circle's radius: "); radius = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 14

15. area = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2); circumference = 2 * Math.PI * radius; // Round the output to three decimal places DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###"); System.out.println("The circle's area: " + fmt.format(area)); System.out.println("The circle's circumference: " + fmt.format(circumference)); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 15 Code\Chap3\CircleStats.java

16. Enumerated Types Java allows you to define an enumerated type, which can then be used to declare variables An enumerated type establishes all possible values for a variable of that type The values are identifiers of your own choosing The following declaration creates an enumerated type called Season enum Season { winter, spring, summer, fall}; Any number of values can be listed Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 16

17. Enumerated Types Once a type is defined, a variable of that type can be declared Season time; and it can be assigned a value time = Season.fall; The values are specified through the name of the type Enumerated types are type-safe – you cannot assign any value other than those listed Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 17

18. Enumerated Types Internally, each value of an enumerated type is stored as an integer, called its ordinal value The first value in an enumerated type has an ordinal value of zero, the second one, and so on However, you cannot assign a numeric value to an enumerated type, even if it corresponds to a valid ordinal value Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 18

19. Enumerated Types The declaration of an enumerated type is a special type of class, and each variable of that type is an object The ordinal method returns the ordinal value of the object The name method returns the name of the identifier corresponding to the object's value Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 19

20. Example Enumerated Types Useful for creating a card game enum Suits {spade, clubs, hearts, diamonds} enum Face {ace, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, jack, queen, king} Useful for a chess game enum pieces {king, queen, rook, bishop, knight, pawn} Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase1 - 20

21. //******************************************************************** // IceCream.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of enumerated types. //******************************************************************** public class IceCream { enum Flavor {vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, fudgeRipple, coffee, rockyRoad, mintChocolateChip, cookieDough} //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Creates and uses variables of the Flavor type. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { Flavor cone1, cone2, cone3; cone1 = Flavor.rockyRoad; cone2 = Flavor.chocolate; System.out.println("cone1 value: " + cone1); System.out.println("cone1 ordinal: " + cone1.ordinal()); System.out.println("cone1 name: " + cone1.name()); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 21

22. System.out.println(); System.out.println("cone2 value: " + cone2); System.out.println("cone2 ordinal: " + cone2.ordinal()); System.out.println("cone2 name: " + cone2.name()); cone3 = cone1; System.out.println(); System.out.println("cone3 value: " + cone3); System.out.println("cone3 ordinal: " + cone3.ordinal()); System.out.println("cone3 name: " + cone3.name()); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 22 Code\Chap3\IceCream.java

23. Wrapper Classes The java.lang package contains wrapper classes that correspond to each primitive type: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 23

24. Wrapper Classes The following declaration creates an Integer object: Integer age = new Integer(40); An object of a wrapper class can be used in any situation where a primitive value will not suffice For example, some objects serve as collections of other objects Primitive values could not be stored in such collections, but wrapper objects could be Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 24

25. Wrapper Classes Wrapper classes also contain static methods that help manage the associated type For example, the Integer class contains a method to convert an integer stored in a String to an int value: num = Integer.parseInt(str); The wrapper classes often contain useful constants as well For example, the Integer class contains MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE which hold the smallest and largest int values Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 25

26. Wrapper Classes Some methods of the Integer class: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 26 http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html

27. Autoboxing Autoboxing is the automatic conversion of a primitive value to a corresponding wrapper object Integer obj; int num = 42; obj = num; The assignment creates the appropriate Integer object The reverse conversion (called unboxing) also occurs automatically as needed A analogy would be autoboxing is wrapping a primitive type to make it an object and unboxing is unwrapping a wrapper object to get the primitive type Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase3 - 27

28. Chapter 4 Conditionals and Loops

29. Chapter Scope Flow of control Boolean expressions if and switch statements Comparing data while, do, and for loops Iterators Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 29

30. Flow of Control Statement execution is linear unless specified otherwise Some programming statements allow us to: – decide whether or not to execute a particular statement – execute a statement over and over, repetitively These decisions are based on boolean expressions (or conditions) that evaluate to true or false The order of statement execution is called the flow of control Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 30

31. Conditional Statements A conditional statement lets us choose which statement will be executed next Therefore they are sometimes called selection statements Conditional statements give us the power to make basic decisions The Java conditional statements are the – if statement – if-else statement – switch statement Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 31

32. The if Statement The syntax of a basic if statement is: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 32 if ( condition ) { statement; } if is a Java reserved word The condition must be a boolean expression. It must evaluate to either true or false. If the condition is true, the statement is executed. If it is false, the statement is skipped.

33. Equality and Relational Operators Often, conditions are based equality operators or relational operators: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 33

34. Conditions Examples of if statements: if (total == sum) System.out.println("total equals sum"); if (count > 50) System.out.println("count is more than 50"); if (letter != 'x') System.out.println("letter is not x"); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 34

35. Logical Operators Conditions can also use logical operators: They all take boolean operands and produce boolean results Logical NOT (!) is a unary operator (it operates on one operand) Logical AND (&&) and logical OR (||) are binary operators (each operates on two operands) Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 35

36. Logical NOT The logical NOT operation is also called logical negation or logical complement If some boolean condition a is true, then !a is false; if a is false, then !a is true Logical expressions can be shown using a truth table: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 36

37. Logical AND and Logical OR The logical AND expression a && b is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise The logical OR expression a || b is true if a or b or both are true, and false otherwise Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 37

38. Logical AND and Logical OR A truth table shows all possible true-false combinations of the terms Since && and || each have two operands, there are four possible combinations Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 38

39. Logical Operators Expressions that use logical operators can form complex conditions if (total < MAX+5 && !found) System.out.println("processing…"); All logical operators have lower precedence than the relational operators Logical NOT has higher precedence than logical AND (&&) and logical OR (||) Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 39

40. Logical Operators Specific expressions can be evaluated using truth tables: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 40

41. Short-Circuited Operators The processing of logical AND and logical OR is short-circuited If the left operand is sufficient to determine the result, the right operand is not evaluated if (count != 0 && total/count > MAX) System.out.println("Testing"); This type of processing must be used carefully Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 41

42. The if Statement Consider the following if statement: if (sum > MAX) { delta = sum – MAX; } System.out.println("The sum is " + sum); First the condition is evaluated -- the value of sum is either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not If the condition is true, the assignment statement is executed -- if it isn’t, it is skipped. Either way, the call to println is executed next Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 42

43. The if Statement The logic of an if statement: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 43

44. //******************************************************************** // Age.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of an if statement. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class Age { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads the user's age and prints comments accordingly. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { final int MINOR = 21; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter your age: "); int age = scan.nextInt(); System.out.println("You entered: " + age); if (age < MINOR) { System.out.println("Youth is a wonderful thing. Enjoy."); } System.out.println("Age is a state of mind."); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 44 Code\Chap4\Age.java

45. Indentation The statement controlled by the if statement is indented to indicate that relationship – Should also be in { } for proper style conventions The use of a consistent indentation style makes a program easier to read and understand Although it makes no difference to the compiler, proper indentation is crucial Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 45 "Always code as if the person who ends up maintaining your code will be a violent psychopath who knows where you live." -- Martin Golding

46. The if-else Statement An else clause can be added to an if statement to make an if-else statement If the condition is true, statement1 is executed; if the condition is false, statement2 is executed One or the other will be executed, but not both Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 46 if ( condition ) { statement1; } else { statement2; }

47. //******************************************************************** // Wages.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of an if-else statement. //******************************************************************** import java.text.NumberFormat; import java.util.Scanner; public class Wages { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads the number of hours worked and calculates wages. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { final double RATE = 8.25; // regular pay rate final int STANDARD = 40; // standard hours in a work week Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); double pay = 0.0; System.out.print("Enter the number of hours worked: "); int hours = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 47

48. System.out.println(); // Pay overtime at "time and a half" if (hours > STANDARD) { pay = STANDARD * RATE + (hours - STANDARD) * (RATE * 1.5); } else { pay = hours * RATE; } NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance(); System.out.println("Gross earnings: " + fmt.format(pay)); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 48

49. Block Statements Several statements can be grouped together into a block statement delimited by braces A block statement can be used wherever a statement is called for in the Java syntax rules if (total > MAX) { System.out.println("Error!!"); errorCount++; } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 49

50. The if-else Statement Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 50

51. //******************************************************************** // Guessing.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a block statement in an if-else. //******************************************************************** import java.util.*; public class Guessing { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Plays a simple guessing game with the user. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { final int MAX = 10; int answer, guess; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); Random generator = new Random(); answer = generator.nextInt(MAX) + 1; System.out.print("I'm thinking of a number between 1 and " + MAX + ". Guess what it is: "); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 51

52. guess = scan.nextInt(); if (guess == answer) System.out.println("You got it! Good guessing!"); else { System.out.println("That is not correct, sorry."); System.out.println("The number was " + answer); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 52 Code\Chap4\Guessing.java

53. Indentation Revisited Remember that indentation is for the human reader, and is ignored by the computer if (total > MAX) System.out.println("Error!!"); errorCount++; Despite what is implied by the indentation, the increment will occur whether the condition is true or not Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 53

54. The if-else Statement In an if-else statement, the if portion, or the else portion, or both, could be block statements Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 54 if (total > MAX) { System.out.println("Error!!"); errorCount++; } else { System.out.println("Total: " + total); current = total*2; }

55. The Conditional Operator Java has a conditional operator that uses a boolean condition to determine which of two expressions is evaluated Its syntax is condition ? expression1 : expression2 If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated; if it is false, expression2 is evaluated The value of the entire conditional operator is the value of the selected expression Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 55 truefalse

56. The Conditional Operator The conditional operator is similar to an if-else statement, except that it is an expression that returns a value For example larger = ((num1 > num2) ? num1 : num2); If num1 is greater than num2, then num1 is assigned to larger ; otherwise, num2 is assigned to larger The conditional operator is ternary because it requires three operands Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 56

57. The Conditional Operator Another example: System.out.println ("Your change is " + count + ((count == 1) ? "Dime" : "Dimes")); If count equals 1, then "Dime" is printed If count is anything other than 1, then "Dimes" is printed Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 57

58. Nested if Statements The statement executed as a result of an i f statement or e lse clause could be another i f statement These are called nested if statements An e lse clause is matched to the last unmatched if (no matter what the indentation implies) Braces can be used to specify the i f statement to which an e lse clause belongs Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 58

59. //******************************************************************** // MinOfThree.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of nested if statements. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class MinOfThree { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads three integers from the user and determines the smallest // value. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { int num1, num2, num3, min = 0; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter three integers: "); num1 = scan.nextInt(); num2 = scan.nextInt(); num3 = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 59

60. if (num1 < num2) if (num1 < num3) min = num1; else min = num3; else if (num2 < num3) min = num2; else min = num3; System.out.println("Minimum value: " + min); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 60 Code\Chap4\MinOfThree.java

61. Comparing Data When comparing data using boolean expressions, it's important to understand the nuances of certain data types Let's examine some key situations: – comparing floating point values for equality – comparing characters – comparing strings (alphabetical order) – comparing object vs. comparing object references Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 61

62. Comparing Float Values You should rarely use the equality operator ( == ) when comparing two floating point values ( float or double ) Two floating point values are equal only if their underlying binary representations match exactly (hardly ever happens) 1.49999999999999999 is not equal to 1.499999999999999999 Computations often result in slight differences that may be irrelevant In many situations, you might consider two floating point numbers to be “close enough” even if they aren't exactly equal Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 62

63. Comparing Float Values To determine the equality of two floats, you may want to use the following technique: if (Math.abs(f1 - f2) < TOLERANCE) System.out.println("Essentially equal"); If the difference between the two floating point values is less than the tolerance, they are considered to be equal The tolerance could be set to any appropriate level, such as 0.000001 Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 63

64. Comparing Characters As we've discussed, Java character data is based on the Unicode character set Unicode establishes a particular numeric value for each character, and therefore an ordering We can use relational operators on character data based on this ordering For example, the character '+' is less than the character 'J' because it comes before it in the Unicode character set Appendix C provides an overview of Unicode Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 64

65. Comparing Characters In Unicode, the digit characters (0-9) are contiguous and in order Likewise, the uppercase letters (A-Z) and lowercase letters (a-z) are contiguous and in order Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 65 CharactersUnicode Values 0 – 948 through 57 A – Z65 through 90 a – z97 through 122

66. Comparing Strings Remember that in Java a character string is an object The equals method can be called with strings to determine if two strings contain exactly the same characters in the same order The equals method returns a boolean result if (name1.equals(name2)) System.out.println("Same name"); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 66

67. Comparing Strings We cannot use the relational operators to compare strings The String class contains a method called compareTo to determine if one string comes before another A call to name1.compareTo(name2) – returns zero if name1 and name2 are equal (contain the same characters) – returns a negative value if name1 is less than name2 – returns a positive value if name1 is greater than name2 Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 67

68. Comparing Strings if (name1.compareTo(name2) < 0) System.out.println(name1 + "comes first"); else if (name1.compareTo(name2) == 0) System.out.println("Same name"); else System.out.println(name2 + "comes first"); Because comparing characters and strings is based on a character set, it is called a lexicographic ordering Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 68

69. Lexicographic Ordering Lexicographic ordering is not strictly alphabetical when uppercase and lowercase characters are mixed For example, the string "Great" comes before the string "fantastic" because all of the uppercase letters come before all of the lowercase letters in Unicode Also, short strings come before longer strings with the same prefix (lexicographically) Therefore "book" comes before "bookcase" Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 69 Code\Chap4\Paradox.java

70. == vs. equals The == operator can be applied to objects – it returns true if the two references are aliases of each other The equals method is defined for all objects, and unless we redefine it when we write a class, it has the same semantics as the == operator It has been redefined in the String class to compare the characters in the two strings When creating new classes, you can/should redefine the equals method to return true under whatever conditions are appropriate Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 70

71. The switch Statement The switch statement provides another way to decide which statement to execute next The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to match the result to one of several possible cases Each case contains a value and a list of statements The flow of control transfers to statement associated with the first case value that matches Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 71

72. The switch Statement The general syntax of a switch statement: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 72 switch ( expression ) { case value1 : statement-list1 case value2 : statement-list2 case value3 : statement-list3 case... } switch and case are reserved words If expression matches value2, control jumps to here

73. The switch Statement Often a break statement is used as the last statement in each case's statement list A break statement causes control to transfer to the end of the switch statement If a break statement is not used, the flow of control will continue into the next case Sometimes this may be appropriate, but often we want to execute only the statements associated with one case Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 73

74. The switch Statement An example of a switch statement: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 74 switch (option) { case 'A': aCount++; break; case 'B': bCount++; break; case 'C': cCount++; break; }

75. The switch Statement A switch statement can have an optional default case The default case has no associated value and simply uses the reserved word default If the default case is present, control will transfer to it if no other case value matches If there is no default case, and no other value matches, control falls through to the statement after the switch Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 75

76. The switch Statement The expression of a switch statement must result in an integral type, meaning an integer ( byte, short, int, long ) or a char It cannot be a boolean value or a floating point value ( float or double ) The implicit boolean condition in a switch statement is equality You cannot perform relational checks with a switch statement Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 76

77. //******************************************************************** // GradeReport.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a switch statement. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class GradeReport { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads a grade from the user and prints comments accordingly. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { int grade, category; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a numeric grade (0 to 100): "); grade = scan.nextInt(); category = grade / 10; System.out.print("That grade is "); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 77

78. switch (category) { case 10: System.out.println("a perfect score. Well done."); break; case 9: System.out.println("well above average. Excellent."); break; case 8: System.out.println("above average. Nice job."); break; case 7: System.out.println("average."); break; case 6: System.out.print("below average. Please see the "); System.out.println("instructor for assistance."); break; default: System.out.println("not passing."); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 78 Code\Chap4\GradeReport.java

79. Loops Repetition statements allow us to execute a statement multiple times Often they are referred to as loops Like conditional statements, they are controlled by boolean expressions Java has three kinds of repetition statements: – the while loop – the do loop – the for loop The programmer should choose the right kind of loop for the situation Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 79

80. The while Loop A while loop has the following syntax If the condition is true, the statement is executed Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is still true, the statement is executed again The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition becomes false Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 80 while ( condition ) statement;

81. The while Loop The logic of a while loop: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 81

82. The while Loop Example: int count = 1; while (count <= 5) { System.out.println (count); count++; } If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the statement is never executed Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute zero or more times Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 82

83. The while Loop Let's look at some examples of loop processing A loop can be used to maintain a running sum A sentinel value is a special input value that represents the end of input Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 83

84. //******************************************************************** // Average.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a while loop, a sentinel value, and a // running sum. //******************************************************************** import java.text.DecimalFormat; import java.util.Scanner; public class Average { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Computes the average of a set of values entered by the user. // The running sum is printed as the numbers are entered. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { int sum = 0, value, count = 0; double average; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter an integer (0 to quit): "); value = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 84

85. while (value != 0) // sentinel value of 0 to terminate loop { count++; sum += value; System.out.println("The sum so far is " + sum); System.out.print("Enter an integer (0 to quit): "); value = scan.nextInt(); } System.out.println(); if (count == 0) System.out.println("No values were entered."); else { average = (double)sum / count; DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###"); System.out.println("The average is " + fmt.format(average)); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 85

86. The while Loop A loop can also be used for input validation, making a program more robust Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 86

87. //******************************************************************** // WinPercentage.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a while loop for input validation. //******************************************************************** import java.text.NumberFormat; import java.util.Scanner; public class WinPercentage { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Computes the percentage of games won by a team. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { final int NUM_GAMES = 12; int won; double ratio; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter the number of games won (0 to " + NUM_GAMES + "): "); won = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 87

88. while (won NUM_GAMES) { System.out.print("Invalid input. Please reenter: "); won = scan.nextInt(); } ratio = (double)won / NUM_GAMES; NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Winning percentage: " + fmt.format(ratio)); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 88

89. Infinite Loops The body of a loop eventually must make the condition false If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will execute until the user interrupts the program This is a common logical error You should double check the logic of a program to ensure that your loops will terminate normally Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 89

90. Infinite Loops An example of an infinite loop: int count = 1; while (count <= 25) { System.out.println (count); count = count - 1; } This loop will continue executing until interrupted (Control-C) or until an underflow error occurs Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 90

91. Nested Loops Similar to nested if statements, loops can be nested as well That is, the body of a loop can contain another loop For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop iterates completely Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 91

92. Nested Loops How many times will the output be printed? count1 = 1; while (count1 <= 10) { count2 = 1; while (count2 <= 50) { System.out.println ("Here again"); count2++; } count1++; } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 92

93. //******************************************************************** // PalindromeTester.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of nested while loops. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class PalindromeTester { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Tests strings to see if they are palindromes. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { String str, another = "y"; int left, right; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); while (another.equalsIgnoreCase("y")) // allows y or Y { System.out.println("Enter a potential palindrome:"); str = scan.nextLine(); left = 0; right = str.length() - 1; Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 93

94. while (str.charAt(left) == str.charAt(right) && left < right) { left++; right--; } System.out.println(); if (left < right) System.out.println("That string is NOT a palindrome."); else System.out.println("That string IS a palindrome."); System.out.println(); System.out.print("Test another palindrome (y/n)? "); another = scan.nextLine(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 94

95. Iterators An iterator is an object that allows you to process a collection of items one at a time It lets you step through each item in turn and process it as needed An iterator object has a hasNext method that returns true if there is at least one more item to process The next method returns the next item Iterator objects are defined using the Iterator interface, which is discussed further in Chapter 9 Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 95

96. Iterators Some classes in the Java API are iterators The Scanner class is an iterator – the hasNext method returns true if there is more data to be scanned – the next method returns the next scanned token as a string The Scanner class also has variations on the hasNext method for specific data types (such as hasNextInt ) Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 96

97. Iterators The fact that a Scanner is an iterator is particularly helpful when reading input from a file Suppose we wanted to read and process a list of URLs stored in a file One scanner can be set up to read each line of the input until the end of the file is encountered Another scanner can be set up for each URL to process each part of the path Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 97

98. //******************************************************************** // URLDissector.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of Scanner to read file input and parse it // using alternative delimiters. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.*; public class URLDissector { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reads urls from a file and prints their path components. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { String url; Scanner fileScan, urlScan; fileScan = new Scanner(new File("websites.inp")); // Read and process each line of the file while (fileScan.hasNext()) { url = fileScan.nextLine(); System.out.println("URL: " + url); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 98

99. urlScan = new Scanner(url); urlScan.useDelimiter("/"); // Print each part of the url while (urlScan.hasNext()) System.out.println(" " + urlScan.next()); System.out.println(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 99

100. The do Loop The do loop has the following syntax: The statement is executed once initially, and then the condition is evaluated The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition becomes false Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 100 do { statement; } while ( condition )

101. The do Loop The logic of a do loop: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 101

102. The do Loop An example of a do loop: int count = 0; do { count++; System.out.println (count); } while (count < 5); The body of a do loop is executed at least once Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 102

103. //******************************************************************** // ReverseNumber.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a do loop. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class ReverseNumber { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Reverses the digits of an integer mathematically. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { int number, lastDigit, reverse = 0; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a positive integer: "); number = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 103

104. do { lastDigit = number % 10; reverse = (reverse * 10) + lastDigit; number = number / 10; } while (number > 0); System.out.println("That number reversed is " + reverse); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 104

105. Comparing while and do Loops Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 105

106. The for Loop The for loop has the following syntax: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 106 for ( initialization ; condition ; increment ) statement; The initialization is executed once before the loop begins The statement is executed until the condition becomes false The increment portion is executed at the end of each iteration

107. The for Loop The logic of a for loop: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 107

108. The for Loop A for loop is functionally equivalent to the following while loop structure: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 108 initialization; while ( condition ) { statement; increment; }

109. The for Loop An example of a for loop: for (int count=1; count <= 5; count++) System.out.println (count); The initialization section can be used to declare a variable Like a while loop, the condition of a for loop is tested prior to executing the loop body Therefore, the body of a for loop will execute zero or more times Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 109

110. The for Loop The increment section can perform any calculation for (int num=100; num > 0; num -= 5) System.out.println (num); A for loop is well suited for executing statements a specific number of times that can be calculated or determined in advance Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 110

111. //******************************************************************** // Multiples.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a for loop. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class Multiples { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Prints multiples of a user-specified number up to a user- // specified limit. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { final int PER_LINE = 5; int value, limit, mult, count = 0; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a positive value: "); value = scan.nextInt(); System.out.print("Enter an upper limit: "); limit = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 111

112. System.out.println(); System.out.println("The multiples of " + value + " between " + value + " and " + limit + " (inclusive) are:"); for (mult = value; mult <= limit; mult += value) { System.out.print(mult + "\t"); // Print a specific number of values per line of output count++; if (count % PER_LINE == 0) System.out.println(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 112

113. //******************************************************************** // Stars.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of nested for loops. //******************************************************************** public class Stars { //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Prints a triangle shape using asterisk (star) characters. //----------------------------------------------------------------- public static void main(String[] args) { final int MAX_ROWS = 10; for (int row = 1; row <= MAX_ROWS; row++) { for (int star = 1; star <= row; star++) System.out.print("*"); System.out.println(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 113

114. The for Loop Each expression in the header of a for loop is optional If the initialization is left out, no initialization is performed If the condition is left out, it is always considered to be true, and therefore creates an infinite loop If the increment is left out, no increment operation is performed Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 114

115. Iterators and for Loops A variant of the for loop simplifies the repetitive processing for any object that implements the Iterable interface An Iterable interface provides an iterator For example, if BookList is an Iterable object that manages Book objects, the following loop will print each book: for (Book myBook : BookList) System.out.println (myBook); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 115

116. The for-each Loop This style of for loop can be read "for each Book in BookList, …" This version is sometimes referred to as the for- each loop It eliminates the need to call the hasNext and next methods explicitly It also will be helpful when processing arrays, which are discussed in Chapter 7 Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 116