1. Units of Analysis The Basics

2. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure

3. Unit of observation The unit of observation is a basic concept in quantitative research that represents the objects that are observed and about which information is systematically collected.

4. Unit of analysis The unit of analysis is the object about which generalizations are made based on an analysis.

5. Determination The unit of observation is determined by the method by which observations have been selected; The unit of analysis is determined by an interest in exploring or explaining a specific phenomenon.

6. When they are the same The unit of observation and unit of analysis are the same when the generalizations being made from a statistical analysis are attributed to the unit of observation.

7. Identifying units of analysis The unit of analysis is shaped by three properties: Social entities Time Space

8. Social entities  observations of a single social entity, such as a person or an institution  observations of multiple entities with a defined relationship, such as family, employer-employee

9. Social Phenomena  transactional observations that are the result of actions among entities, such as labour strikes or international conflicts, including wars.

10. Time  observations made at one point in time; commonly referred to as a cross- sectional study

11. Time  observations made at multiple points in time  the data may be organized by time; commonly referred to as a time series  time may structure some form of repeated measures of content or subjects

12. Space  observations made within a specific spatial area  observations made within a hierarchy of spatial areas

13. Substituting units There may be requests for which data for a desired unit of analysis can’t be delivered but for which data are available summarized over one of the other attributes of the unit of analysis.

14. Substituting units Example:  Request for firm-level data for NAICS 312 Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing  Ideal source: microdata on establishments from the Canadian Census of Manufacturers  No access to enterprise microdata

15. Substituting units Example: NAICS 312  Alternatives: are there aggregate data summarizing the firms within NAICS 312?  Possibilities: summaries over time (time series) or geography (small-area business statistics)

16. Let’s review basic data structure. The unit of analysis defines the underlying structure of a data file. Statistical data structure

17. This structure consists of a series of rows with each row containing the data of one member of the unit of the unit of analysis. This simple structure is known as the flat, rectangular data matrix. Statistical data structure

18. Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 * Case n * * Case n-1 Statistical data structure

19. All of the information collected for each member of the unit of analysis is organized in a fixed location in the file called fields or variables. Statistical data structure

20. Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 * Case n * * Field 1 * Field2 Field 3 * Field k-1 Field k Case n-1 Statistical data structure

21. Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 * Case n * * Field 1 * Field2 Field 3 * Field k-1 Field k Case n-1 Statistical data structure

22. This structure looks like the grid of a spreadsheet. However, there is one very important difference between a statistical data structure and a spreadsheet. The spread sheet is organized around individual cells, while the statistical data structure is organized around the rows. Statistical data structure

23. Spreadsheet Statistical data structure

24. Cell B2 Cell E3 Cell C5 Cell F7 Spreadsheet Statistical data structure

25. Statistical Data Structure Row 1 Row 3 Row k-1 Statistical data structure

26. The next slide presents the way that this simple statistical data structure appears in SPSS. Statistical data structure

28. Row 1

29. Row 8

30. Row 1 Row 8 Row 15

31. Row 1 Row 8 Row 15 Field 8