1. Study of Personality Mr. Bertani Ch.1 “What is Psychology?” Ch.2 “Research Methodologies”

2. To be covered in Ch.1 & Ch.2… Key terms & definitions Goals of Psychologists & Psychiatrists ______________HistoryPerspectives______________

3. Disappearing Definition Disappearing Definition b PERSONALITY- The distinct __________ of behavior, including thoughts and____________, that characterize a person’s ____________to life.

4. Related Questions & Answers How do we study personalities? Who studies personalities? _________________- The science that studies behavior and mental processes. _________________- A person trained as a professional in science of psychology _________________- A medical doctor who specializes in the study and treatment of psychological disorders

5. What are their goals? 1.____________________- Gather information and find facts 2. ____________________ - Create hypotheses, research and test the hypotheses, and construct theories 3.____________________- What will an organism do? What will it think or feel? What will it think or feel? 4. ____________________ - Seek to influence or control behavior in helpful ways

6. 1. Clinical 2. Counseling 3. School & Educational 4. Developmental 5. Personality 6. Social 7. Experimental 8. Industrial & Organizational 9. Environmental 10. Consumer 11. Forensic 12. Health A. study relationships between people and work B. focus on behavior of shoppers C. help identify and assist students who encounter problems that interfere with learning/focus on improvement of course planning and instructional methods D. define and examine human traits E. study how behavior and mental processes are related to physical well being F. study the physical, cognitive, moral, social, & emotional changes that occur throughout the life span G. study overt behavior in social situations H. assist in the criminal justice system I. study the effects of the physical environment on people & the people on the environment J. engage in basic research K. help people with problems by evaluating patients through structured interviews and psychological tests L. Typically treat people who have adjustment problems rather than serious psychological disorders

7. Fields of Psychology Assignment Since you took this wonderful class, let’s assume you aspire to be a Psychologist! Your first assignment is to: 1.Visit http://www.apa.org/about/division.html. Next, scan & review the fields in which you may be interested.http://www.apa.org/about/division.html 2.Pick a field of psychology you would enter into. 3.Find a summary of the field and print it out. (Name, Date, & Period in the upper left) 4.On the back of the paper write why you selected that field. 5.Be prepared to share your field & explanation. 6.Due …

8. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9571484 Health & Science Drug Ads Play Up Benefits, Downsize Risks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQTexs- __Dg&feature=PlayList&p=304783A51DBBC376&playnext=1&i ndex=16

9. Section 3 A History of Psychology! You and a partner are to use pages 12-17 to find the answers to the History Hunt worksheet.

11. Psychologists assume that our mental processes-our thoughts, fantasies, and dreams-are made possible by the ____________________. The use of CAT scans and PET scans show which parts of the ____________ are involved in various mental processes. Certain parts of the ____________ are active when we listen to music, other parts are active when we solve math problems. Chemicals in the brain are connected with the storage of information-the formation of memories. _______________ _______________ - the basic building blocks of heredity

12. The ______________________ of perception, memory, and information processing by which the individual acquires knowledge, solves problems, & plans for the future The __________ actively _______________ _______________ it receives and transforms it Incoming _______________ is _______________ in various ways it is selected compared and combined with other information already in memory transformed rearranged and so onIncoming _______________ is _______________ in various ways it is selected compared and combined with other information already in memory transformed rearranged and so on Investigation centers on the way in which we perceive and mentally represent the world The _______________

13. Free will vs. determinism Psychologists would be interested in a person’s ________- concept, feelings of _______-esteem and ________- awareness The pursuit of __________-actualization A psychologist considers the person’s experience, as perceived by that person, to be the most important event in psychology Development of the __________ to the fullest potential

14. Behavior stems from processes that are _______________ Focus of today’s neoanalysts concentrates on __________ choice Two primitive impulses propel us to do what we do: 1)._______________ 2)._______________

15. A psychologist studies individuals by ___________at their behavior rather than at their internal workings John B. __________ argued that only you can introspect about your perceptions and feelings, but others can observe your behavior Stimulus  ______________ (S  R) Psychologists maintain that a science of psychology can be based strictly on what goes in and what comes out (input  output) Learn by ____________ and punishments (reinforcement)Learn by ____________ and punishments (reinforcement) Learn by observationLearn by observation

16. Ethnicity __________ Culture Socioeconomic status

17. The most-adaptive organisms have a greater chance of surviving…, when they can reproduce (and pass on…?). Many kinds of behavior have a _______________ basis. Inherited tendencies.

18. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES: BIOLOGICAL: COGNITIVE: HUMANISTIC: PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHODYNAMIC: BEHAVIORIST/LEARNING: SOCIOCULTURAL: EVOLUTIONARY: Brain and nervous system – the body The mind processing information The ‘Self’ – “Know Thyself” Unconscious Observable behavior Ethnicity, culture, gender, & socioeconomic status Inherited tendencies

19. Step 1. Generate Ideas & _______________a Research Question Step 2. ________________ a Hypothesis Step 3. Devise a study to __________ the hypothesis, then run the Study & Get Results Step 4. ________________ & Interpret the Results Step 5. Draw Conclusions (__________) & Communicate the Results SOURCE: http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/phases.html#1http://faculty.frostburg.edu/mbradley/phases.html#1

20. Let's take an example that we will use for all of the steps. You notice that you are able to memorize items such as phone numbers better when you eat candy and wonder if there is a connection between candy and memory. Let's say that you researched the topic of memory enhancement and saw that other researchers have looked at how certain herbs and a healthy diet can improve memory. However, no one* has examined if sugar can improve memory. Therefore, your research question is: Can sugar improve memory? If the research question is to see if sugar affects memory, the hypothesis would be more specific and state: "College students who ingest 2 grams of sugar before studying for a memorization task will perform better than college students who do not ingest sugar."

21. For our sugar study, we would pick the __________________________. We would have 2 groups: college students who ingest 2 grams of sugar and college students who ingest 2 grams of a harmless placebo-powder (no sugar). After both groups ingest their respective powder, they would have 3 minutes to memorize a list of nonsense syllables. After a 5 minute rest, both groups would recall as many of the syllables as possible. The number of correct syllables recalled would represent their memory score. In our example, "sugar" and "memory" are terms that need to be defined (__________________________________) in order for a reader to understand exactly what the researcher means by those terms (and for others to _______________ the study). Sugar could be defined as white granulated sugar while memory could be described as a score from a memorization test of nonsense syllables.Survey Naturalistic- Observation Testing The Laboratory- Observational Case-StudyCorrelational Longitudinal & Cross- Sectional Experimental

22. 1. Survey 2. Testing 3. Case-Study 4. Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional 5. Naturalistic-Observation 6. Laboratory-Observation 7. Correlational 8. Experimental Methodologies How psychologists/psychiatrists gather information

23. 1. The Survey Method   Large samples of people are questioned   ___________ or ___________ Sampling

24. 2. The Testing Method Intelligence, Aptitude, and Personality Tests Intelligence, Aptitude, and Personality Tests __________ – measure what a test is supposed to measure __________ – measure what a test is supposed to measure Other Key Vocabulary for Tests: Other Key Vocabulary for Tests:  Tests need to be _______________ or reliable

25. 3. The Case-Study Method A carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological testsA carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests ____________________ based his research mostly on the case study method____________________ based his research mostly on the case study method

26. 4. Longitudinal & Cross-Sectional A selected group of participants are observed over a __________ period of time A selected group of participants are observed over a __________ period of time In a ____________________ study, instead of following the same group people of different ages would be studied and compared In a ____________________ study, instead of following the same group people of different ages would be studied and compared

27. 5. The Naturalistic-Observation Method A scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments ___________________ – not interfering What happens when a principal comes in to observe a teacher?

28. 6. Laboratory-Observation  Allows for psychologists to ____________ the environment

29. 7. Correlational Method oStudies the relationships between variables (Twins Study) o______________________________ can be positive or negative ranging from 1.00 to -1.00 Tell me the correlation 1)Stress  Health  2)Time Studying  Grades  3)Time watching T.V.  Grades  4)Less Time Studying  Grades 

30. Correlations can be represented by scatterplots.

31. 8. The Experimental Method s Seeks to discover cause-and-effect relationships by introducing variables and observing their effects on dependent variables s Treatment s Subjects s ___________________& Dependent Variables s Experimental & Control Groups s Placebo s Single Blind & ________________

34. An experimenter wants to study the effects of music on studying. He has some students study while listening to music and others study in silence, and then compares their test scores. What is the independent variable in this experiment? 1. The students 2. The presence of music while studying 3. The kind of music 4. The test scores