2. What Are We Doing With Our Biosolids: Is it Sustainable? Presented by: Natalie Sierra, SFPUC Bob Gillette, Carollo Engineers June 2, 2008 BACWA Biosolids Workshop

3. Overview  Summary of Practices  Threats to ADC  Threats to Land Application  Regional Challenges  Statewide Trends  National Trends  Sustainability

4. Biosolids Management and Capacities - California Land Application 50.5% Landfill ADC 15.4% Incineration 2.5% Compost 16.3% Pellets 0.7% Landfill-Unspecified Use 0.4% Surface Disposal 1.9% Landfill Disposal 4.5% Alkaline Treatment 3.8% Long-Term Storage 1.3% Long-Term Treatment 0.5% Other Disposal 0.9% Unspecified 1.2%

5. Biosolids Management and Capacities - BACWA Land Application 14.7% Surface Disposal 1.6% Landfill Disposal 2.8% Landfill ADC 66.5% Incineration 14.2% Compost/Pellets 0.2%

6. Threats to ADC/Beneficial Reuse

7. ADC/Landfill Beneficial Reuse: General Trends  Increasing urbanization – property closer to landfills  Increasing public opposition to landfill expansion  Increasing public opposition to use of biosolids as ADC  Concern over VOC emissions from landfills  Concern over use of compostable material in landfills

8. Regulations - ADC  AB 2640(Huffman): No compostable organic waste as ADC, increase in fees for landfill disposal/reuse  SJVAPCD 4565: Air board restrictions eliminate the use of cake biosolids as ADC  Alameda County: Potential to add fees to organic materials sent to landfill, even if used as ADC

9. Result of Pressure on ADC  2004 Survey of Landfills: –31 Sites permitted by IWMB to receive biosolids (200 mile radius from SF) –Only 18 landfills actually accept biosolids –9 of these landfills accept in-county material only –4 of these landfills are disposal only –Only 5 sites will accept biosolids for reuse!!!!!

10. 2004 Landfill Survey, Cont.  Of landfills willing to state capacity, approx. 720 wet tons/day during wet weather and 1250 wet tons/day during dry weather  BACWA agencies produce ~2,000 wet tons/day!

11. Threats to Land Application

12. Land Application – General Trends  Increasing urbanization coupled with increasing public opposition  Questions about pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids  County Ordinances that restrict biosolids land application –Kern County –Imperial County –Solano County

13. Status of County Ordinances Ban on All Land Application Practical Ban Ban on Class B Class B Land Application Allowed Developing Ordinances No Regulations/Ordinances Enacted Biosolids Land Application in California DEL NORTE MENDOCINO SAN FRANCISCO SISKIYOU MODOC LASSENSHASTA TRINITY HUMBOLDT DEL NORTE MENDOCINO TEHAMA PLUMAS GLENNBUTTESIERRA NEVADA PLACER EL DORADO ALPINE AMADOR COLUSA LAKE SONOMA NAPA YOLO YUBA SUTTER SOLANO MARIN CONTRA COSTA ALAMEDA SACRAMENTO SAN MATEO SANTA CRUZ SANTA CLARA SAN JOAQUIN STANISLAUS CALAVERAS TUOLUMNE MONO MERCED MARIPOSA MADERA SAN BENITO FRESNO TULARE INYO SAN LUIS OBISPO KERN KINGS SAN BERNARDINO SANTA BARBARA LOS ANGELES VENTURA RIVERSIDE IMPERIAL SAN DIEGO ORANGE MONTEREY AZ NEVADA MEXICO OREGON

14. Biosolids Ordinances w/ AZ & NV Restricted Use – Class A None Developing / Implementing Restrictions Actual Ban Practical Ban Reasonable

15. 1999 Restricted Use Reasonable Limited Actual Class B Ban/ Practical Ban 2008 Local Regulations – Counties

16. What’s Next? Local Regulations – Counties

19. JACKSON CALHOUN FRANKLIN GADSDEN GULF LEON WAKULLA BAY HOLMES JEFFERSON OKALOOSA SANTA WALTON WASHINGTON LIBERTY ESCAMBIA ALACHUA BAKER CLAY COLUMBIA DIXIE DUVAL HAMILTON LAFAYETTE LEVY MADISON SUWANNEE TAYLOR UNION NASSAU CHARLOTTE COLLIER DE SOTO HERNANDO HIGHLANDS HILLSBOROUGH LEE PASCO PINELLAS SARASOTA HARDEE MANATEE BROWARD DADE GLADES HENDRY MARTIN MONROE OKEECHOBEE PALM BEACH ST. LUCIE BREVARD CITRUS FLAGLER INDIAN RIVER LAKE MARION POLK PUTNAM ST. JOHNS SEMINOLE SUMTER VOLUSIA ORANGE OSCEOLA Current Status of Land Application in Florida Status of County Ordinances Practical Ban, Class AA Exempt Ordinance Permits Land Application Revising Ordinance No Available Sites Ban on Class B Practical Ban No Ordinance Enacted BRADFORD GILCHRIST ROSA Notes: Ordinances that permit land application may have restrictions that are more severe than DEP regulations. Consult each ordinance to verify.

20.  Statewide Requirements beyond EPA 503 Regulations  Terminology Class AA versus EQ  Rule Revisions is in Progress Florida Regulations

21. Biosolids Management and Capacities - California Land Application 50.5% Landfill ADC 15.4% Incineration 2.5% Compost 16.3% Pellets 0.7% Landfill-Unspecified Use 0.4% Surface Disposal 1.9% Landfill Disposal 4.5% Alkaline Treatment 3.8% Long-Term Storage 1.3% Long-Term Treatment 0.5% Other Disposal 0.9% Unspecified 1.2%

22. What Are Others in CA Doing?  Regional Cooperation –IEUA LACSD Composting  Agencies –Los Angeles – TIRE –Santa Margarita WD – Thermal Oxidizer –Encina - Dryer

23. What Are Others in CA Doing?  Private Corporations –Enertech – Ray –Compost – North Kern – Synagro –Liberty Energy – Gasification at:  Kern County  Banning  Imperial County –Another Dryer to be used to provide fuel –Nursery Products Composting –North Kern Industrial – Land Filling

24.  What does sustainability mean? –It is public perception driven –Is EQ biosolids the answer? –Does it have to be a “Product” –Can we produce power with it even if we do this by incinerating it? –Is the answer want the 20 salesmen knocking on your door are selling? –How long does it hav3e to operate in the USA to be proven? Sustainability

25.  I believe that biosolids use – especially in California will continue to be a problem until we produce an EQ products. As long as biosolids still:  Look like  Smell like  It will still be considered: Sustainability SLUDGE

26. Good Bad  Class A  Look like  Smell like Public Perception Sustainability

27.  Land application  Heat drying  Composting  Landfill  Landfill ADC  Dedicated land disposal  Out of state export  Sludge to energy  Incineration/cement kiln  Deep well injection Does Your Process Pass the Public Perception Test? Sustainability

28.  Multiple independent reuse alternatives  Environmentally sound practices  In-county reuse alternative Suggested Agency Approach Sustainability

29.  Move towards reuse with Biosolids suitable for reuse without objections from neighbors or users  Proven technology for size needed  Cost effective  Compatible with existing plant and solids processing Suggested Agency Goals Sustainability

30. Robert A. Gillette Carollo Engineers 2500 Venture Oaks, Suite 320 Sacramento, CA 95833 916-565-4888 rgillette@carollo.com QUESTIONS? Natalie Sierra SFPUC - Wastewater Enterprise 1145 Market Street, 5th Floor San Francisco, CA 94103 (415) 934-5772 NSierra@sfwater.org