1. Externalities of emissions in the transport sector and their internalisation. Case study of the Czech Republic. Paper presented at the 6 IMPRINT seminar Budapest, Oct. 16 - 17 Stanislav Kutáček Transportation Research Center in Brno E-mail: kutacek@cdv.cz Hana Foltýnová Charles University Environmental Centre in Prague E-mail: hana.foltynova@czp.cuni.cz

2. External costs of emissions - TRC marginal costs method derived from several foreign studies needs revision

3. Average costs of road traffic - emissions unitCZKEUR carsThpkm86,02,77 busesThpkm311,010,03 heavy vehicles Thtkm276,98,93

4. External costs of emissions from transport according to NUTS 3 (Czech Republic, 2002)

5. External costs of road accidents by vehicle type Czech Republic, 2001 CarsHeavy vehicles Motor- cycles Buses Share on traffic accidents ( %) 72,015,010,62,9 Share of external costs billion CZK 33,47,04,81,2 million EUR 1077,41225,81154,8438,71

6. Average costs of road traffic - accidents unitCZKEUR carsThpkm509,016,42 BusesThpkm129,54,18 heavy vehicles Thtkm172,65,57

7. AveraTge costs of road traffic - GHG unitCZKEUR carsThpkm63,32,05 BusesThpkm67,72,18 heavy vehicles Thtkm70,62,28

8. External costs of road traffic - noise recommendation of CEMT: 0,3 % HDP 6.47 billion CZK (208,71 m€)

9. ExternE Project ExternE = “External Costs of Energy” funded by European Commission DG Research, since 1991 (current phases NewExt and ExternE-Pol) >100 scientists in all countries of EU Methodology 1) The impact pathway analysis 2) Uniform World Model

10. Uniform World Model and externalities in the transport sector 3 emissions: NOx, SO 2, PM; 4 modes of transport: cars, buses, freight road transport, railways (motor section only); other externalities not taken into account (traffic accidents, congestions, climate change, noise, vibrations, degradation of land, partly costs of infrastructure etc.)

11. External costs of emissions per performance unit in CR (2001) Mode of transport Railway passen. Railway freigh Urban mass Public total CarsRoad freight SO 2 €c/p. unit 0,0250,0040,0160,02590,0400,042 NOx €c/p. unit 0,9770,1740,7771,13420,6211,541 TSP €c/p. unit 0,0980,0170,0630,10220,0070,137 €c/p. unit1,1000,2000,8601,260,6701,720 CZK/p. unit0,3500,0600,2700,400,2100,540

12. External costs of emissions per vehicle kilometer (vkm) in CR (2001) Mode of transport Transport total RailwaysMass urban Public – total CarsRoad freight SO 2 €c/vkm0,740,03--0,020,12 NOx €c/vkm19,441,090,200,230,244,28 TSP €c/vkm1,220,110,02 -0,38 €c/vkm21,401,230,220,250,264,78 CZK/vkm6,740,390,070,08 1,51

13. External costs of emissions per energy consumption in CR (€c/MJ) Mode of Transport199920002001 Cars 0,360,300,26 Buses 0,190,230,25 Road freight 5,715,164,78 Urban mass 0,230,240,22 Railways (motor traction) 1,551,211,23 Transport total 20,8920,6421,40

14. Results by GEMIS model

15. Comparisons of studies of transport externalities AuthorDateCost componentsMethodData basis OECD2002Damages (opportunity costs) of human health (lung disease and respiration problems) material/buildings (additional restoration costs) biosphere/crop losses (due to quality decrease). PM10 dose response functions are the basis for the repair and damage costs. Emission level per transport mode (OECD). TRC2003Damages of health, materials and crops Marginal costs transferred from the results of the ExternE project Emission level per transport mode, within NUTS 3 and NUTS 1 (TRC) CUEC2003Damages of human healthUniform World Model Emission levels and performance of each transport mode

16. External costs of transport due to emissions (in €c) per performance unit – comparison of studies AuthorCarsBussesRailways passen. Freight road Railways freight OECD0,410,381,984,181,62 TRC0,280,10-0,89- CUEC0,860,021,101,720,20

17. Total external costs due to emissions from transport CUEC results – 49,27 bill. CZK (i.e. 1,46 bill. €) TRC results – 20,03 bill. CZK (i.e. 0,65 bill. €) OECD results – 88,11 bill. CZK (i.e. 2,63 bill. €).

18. Future steps I Model ROADPol: predicts average annual concentrations of pollution (3 to 20 m from the source of emissions); the parameters are velocity and direction of wind, stability of atmosphere, the rise of pollution source and the rise of receptors; needs data about linear sources of pollution, about receptors of pollution and meteorological data.

19. Future steps II Local dispersion models Externe-Pol

20. Thank you for your attention! Bye.