1. Slide 106/10/2015 Going transnational? Progress on WP1A23 / Intermediary report SINTROPHER workshop, Nijmegen, September 28, 2011 Charlotte Halpern, FNSP / PACTE & UCL researcher

2. Slide 206/10/2015 Action WP1A23 - Objectives What is the added value of transnational knowledge and transfer for the diffusion of cost-effective transport solutions in peripheral NWE regions ? 1.Assess the scope for collective learning among SINTROPHER Partners 2.Identify (legal, administrative, technical) challenges to technology transfer 3.Explore the scope for technical transfer from SINTROPHER to others in and outside NWE 2

3. Slide 306/10/2015 Intermediary report (Spring 2011) Output 1: study design Hypotheses (academic literature + practitioners debates) The choice of indicators. Output 2: methodology Data collection Interview guide, exploratory study trips to all five partners regions. Comparative framework Output 3: Monographs EU transport policy 5 case studies (preliminary) Output 4: Recommendation s on future transnational cooperation within WP1

4. Slide 406/10/2015 Output 1 – The EU urban mobility agenda Transport as a controversial area of EU competence The integration of railways 3 Liberalization packages Improving interoperability Develop infrastructure BUT main focus on high speed Old and new challenges patterns of mobility, climate change, liberalization/privatization, devolution New momentum : Green Paper (2007), Regulation on public services (2007), Action Plan (2009), White Book on transport (2011) Maximise minimum intervention - No common understanding on a single EU model of urban transport - Increase information and knowledge through soft modes of governance & horizontal networks - « Superficial learning » from member states & transport agencies Maximise minimum intervention - No common understanding on a single EU model of urban transport - Increase information and knowledge through soft modes of governance & horizontal networks - « Superficial learning » from member states & transport agencies

5. Slide 506/10/2015 Output 1 - Two conflicting dynamics Convergence scenario Increased centralization of urban transport policies at national/European level, through: processes of standardization, harmonization and liberalization national policy communities, i.e. private and public bodies. Limited scope for innovation? Fragmentation scenario Privatization and decentralization processes jointly shape the restructuring of urban and regional transport systems at the local level, Increased need for coordination mechanisms SINTROPHER as a laboratory: medium-sized cities in peripheral areas + accessibility within/to/from SINTROPHER as a laboratory: medium-sized cities in peripheral areas + accessibility within/to/from

6. Slide 606/10/2015 Output 2 – Contrasting hypothesis The choice and the selection of transport solutions is deeply embedded in local and/or national institutional settings. H1 Path dependency An innovation (technical, political, organizational) impacts on existing patterns of behavior, sets of rules and norms, and cognitive schemes, thus leading in a long-term perspective to major (& sometimes unpredicted) outcomes. H2 Innovation As part of a wider development strategy, the introduction of tram-based solutions contribute to the emergence / the institutionalization of alternative forms of governance. H3 Governance => Explain the large variety of innovative and highly differentiated public transport solutions at the local level throughout Europe … some of which has led to remarkable failures.

7. Slide 706/10/2015 Output 2 : comparing 5 decision- making processes  Comparative assessment of the development of new and improved tram projects in the 5 SINTROPHER partner regions.  Primary source investigation in all 5 partner regions : 1 interview guide,25 in-depth interviews, 5 study trips, 1 bilateral visit  Desk analysis: legislation, reports, media, etc.

8. Slide 806/10/2015 Output 2 : Identify 4 types of indicators Policy goals Urban regeneration Strategic planning Transport Organizational setting Organizing authority Forms of cooperation between local authorities Access to central/regiona l governments Existing transport networks Finances Ownership structure (tracks, stations, vehicles) Revenue structure (fiscal, subsidies, private) Assessment procedures Scope for innovation Technical / organizational Market structure Standard- setting

9. Slide 906/10/2015 Output 3 : 5 decision-making processes A solution to which problem? Cooperation / leadership Financing scheme Scope for innovation Fylde Coast Urban regeneration Competitive / BCC (planners) Public (local, national) / CBA Low (organizational, political) Nijmegen- Kleve Urban & regional development Cooperative / Stadsregio (political) Public (local, national) / SCBA Medium (organizational, technical) North-HesseTransport Cooperative / KVG then NVV (transport) Public (regional) / SB High (technical) Valenciennes Urban & territorial development Cooperative / SITURV (political) Mix (4 levels, fiscal) / CBA Medium (organizational, technical) West Flanders Rural & economic development Competitive / De Lijn (transport vs. planning) Mix (local, regional) Medium/high (organizational)

10. Slide 1006/10/2015 Output 4 : Suggestions for future transnational cooperation & learning within SINTROPHER and beyond Valenciennes Urban regeneration tool (planning), medium-size cities, rural/urban Long-term profitability, explore alternative marketing strategies North Hesse Pragmatist approach, transport dimension, rural/urban Urban dimension, integration of systems Fylde Coast Financing scheme Local governance West Flanders Empowering small cities, role of public transport in rural / touristic areas; environmental issues Transport as a tool Nijmegen – Kleve Pragmatist approach (political leadership), SCBA procedure Transport as a tool

11. Slide 1106/10/2015 Conclusions 1 Hybrid transport solutions => bridge the gap between highly differentiated transport systems. Highly contextualised according to the specific set of constraints and opportunities that they face locally, Contribute to wider policy change by exploring beyond organizational, geographic and sectoral boarders: Bypass the challenges raised by interoperability, Explore original finance schemes Develop new forms of cooperation with other local authorities, the private sector and civil society.

12. Slide 1206/10/2015 Conclusions 2 The EU urban mobility agenda is an indirect trigger for change BUT horizontal networks, private sector, cities & regions. Similar problems, different solutions => PARTLY explained by national policies, need for contrasting hypothesis. Diversity of innovations in transport => some are technical, but ALSO political, organizational, etc.