1. The Industrial Revolution
The Age of Steam
Picture is of a “steam punk” computer

2. What was the Industrial Revolution?
Was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in
agriculture,
manufacturing,
mining,
transport, and
technology
It had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

3. The prelude Why did the Industrial Revolution get stated?
Steam punk version of the iPhone
The prelude

4. Population Explosion
The following items were no less an issue in England than at any other point in history:
Famine
War
Disease
Further England had also
Stricter quarantine measures
The elimination of the black rat
Famine – was reduced by advances in farming and more importantly transportation of farm goods
War – England‘s status as an island meant that it was not as heavily effected by the various wars in Europe at the time allowing them to keep many more of their young men alive
Disease – improved sanitation methods (underground sewers, new aqueducts, and wider roads) as well as inoculations for diseases such as small pox

5. Smallpox
A disease that killed on average 1 in 3 people who came down with it.
It killed on average Europeans every year
The English physician Edward Jenner demonstrated the effectiveness of cowpox to protect humans from smallpox in 1796

6. Enclosures
Before enclosure, much of the arable land in the central region of England was organised into an open field system.
Prior to enclosure, rights to use the land were shared between land owners and villagers (commoners).

7. Enclosures
Enclosure was not simply the fencing of existing holdings, but led to fundamental changes in agricultural practice.
Scattered holdings of strips in the common field were consolidated to create individual farms that could be managed independently of other holdings.
Enclosures also meant that some people who had traditionally farmed no longer had any land to do so. These people would be forced into other industries and often the cities where they would work in factories

8. Farming Practices
In addition to the enclosure system there were a number of different changes to farming in England, including:
Invention of various farm equipment
Four field system
Selective breading of farm animals
Englishman Jethro Tull invented the mechanized seed drill around Uniform seeding allowed weeding between the rows of seedlings during growth, thus improving crop yield.
Before this invention, farmers carried their seeds in bags and walked through the fields throwing the seeds into hand-ploughed furrows, or rows. This method did not allow for a very even distribution and wasted a good deal of the seed, resulting in lower plant yield.
Tull’s seed drill, on the other hand, could be pulled behind a horse. It had wheels and contained a box filled with seed. A wheel-driven device sprayed the seed out evenly as the entire machine was pulled across the field.
Seed Drill invented by Jethro Tull

9. 4 Field System
Using this system, it was found that one could grow more crops and get a better yield from the land. If a crop was not rotated, then the nutrient level in the field would go down with time. The yield of the crop from the field decreased. Using the four field system, the land could not only be "rested", but also could be improved by growing other crops.
Year 1
Year 2
The turnips were used as fodder to feed livestock in winter. Clover and ryegrass were grazed by livestock.
Year 4
Year 3

10. Selective Breeding

11. Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution was born from the rediscovered ideas of Greek philosophers and would bring forward new ways of thinking started in the late 1500s
The application of these new ideas and ways of thinking would lead directly to the industrial revolution
Some of the areas of change include:
Astronomy
Scientific Methods
Political Science

12. Astronomy Tycho Brahe is considered to have pioneered modern astronomy
Believed that novas and comets were further away than the planets
Believed that planets moved independently moving astronomy more towards the modern physics system we know

13. Astronomy
Johannes Kepler who couldn’t see well or use his hands fully would use Brahe’s ideas to develop laws about planetary motion
He is the man that said the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun
Kepler’s physical issues were due to a childhood bout of smallpox

14. Astronomy
Galileo Galilei is the first astronomer mentioned here to actually use a telescope
In 1632 Galileo would use what he saw and published his findings that the planets did in fact travel around the sun
This would get him sentenced to a life of house arrest by the Catholic Church
Galileo was not just an astronomer he was also an engineer, mathematician, artist and musician
Galileo also timed the rate of differently weighted balls down an incline showing that weight doesn’t affect the rate they fall
The telescope had only recently been invented
Amongst the things Galileo did was the invention of the thermometer (see picture), compass (see your geometry kit for math, 2 lens microscope, improved the telescope

15. Scientific Method
Francis Bacon argued for starting with an observed or demonstrated specific to a general principle
William Harvey would discover the circulation of blood
Carl Linne would classify the plant and animal world for the first time
Robert Bakewell used science for the breeding of larger and stronger farm animals

16. Scientific Method
Sir Isaac Newton is known for several advancements including:
The scientific method
Law of gravity
Invention of calculus

17. Political Science
As we have discussed earlier in this class there are several key debates in the area of politics that would impact the industrial revolution:
Hobbes vs Locke
Smith vs Marx
Review the power points covering Hobbes & Locke as well as Smith & Marx

18. The industrial revolution
How the world changed
Steam punk version of the gameboy
The industrial revolution

19. Flying Shuttle Invented by John Kay in 1733
Allowed a weaver to create larger weaves of fabric
The resulting increased production drove development of improved spinning machines for more thread
It transformed the textile industry in England and then the world
Interestingly it is still used in some situations today

20. Power Loom Invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785
Took Kay’s flying shuttle and attempted to automate it first with water power and then steam power
It wouldn’t be until the 1830s that a truly practical version would be created

21. James Watt Steam Engine
Steam engines used to pump water out of mines in England existed when James Watt was born.
Watt, however, is credited with inventing the first practical engine.
Watt was asked to repair a model of a Newcomen’s steam engine
In doing so he realized that it needed a separate condenser

22. James Watt Steam Engine
Watt would partner with Matthew Boulton to sell his engine to a variety of different types of organizations
Watt’s steam engine would be the thing that would drive the industrial revolution

23. Steam Locomotive
The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks
The first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick in the United Kingdom and, on 21 February 1804, the world's first railway journey took place
Picture is of the locomotive Trevithick used

24. Steam Locomotive
In September, 1825, the Stockton & Darlington Railroad Company began as the first railroad to carry both goods and passengers on regular schedules using locomotives it pulled six loaded coal cars and 21 passenger cars with 450 passengers over 9 miles in about one hour.
Picture is of the Rocket, fastest rail engine of its day. You may have seen it on Thomas the Train

25. Other Steam Transportation
Steam Ships
Engineer Robert Fourness is said to have had a steamboat running between Hull and Beverley
The first commercially successful steamboat in Europe, Henry Bell's Comet of 1812, started a rapid expansion of steam services
Picture is of the steam ship SS Sir Walter Scott which started working in 1900 and is still in use today

26. Factories Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor].
Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].
Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor.
Only 10% of English industry in

27. Factory System Rigid schedule. 12-14 hour day. Dangerous conditions.
Mind-numbing monotony.
Chaplin Video Clip

28. Factory System

29. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.
S = shilling, 20 shillings equals a pound, a pound is roughly $2 Canadian
2d = ½ groat and 6 2d equals a penny
3d = threepenny bit and 4 3d equals a penny
4d = groat and 3 4d equals a penny
6d = sixpence and 2 6d equals a penny

30. Factory Working Conditions
Factories were often hot, in part due to the use of steam engines
Workers, particularly children, were often exposed to the dangerous moving parts
It wasn’t uncommon for people to work 12 hour shifts

31. Response to Factory Conditions
Factory Acts
A response to the poor conditions for children
Children younger than nine were not allowed to work,
Children were not permitted to work at night,
The work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours
Picture is from Charles Dickens's Oliver Twist

32. Response to Factory Conditions
Luddites
Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery.
These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure.

33. Response to Factory Conditions
Trade Unions
The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organisation of trade unions to help advance the interests of working people.
In Britain, the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824.

34. Response to Factory Conditions
The Chartists
The first large scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice.
Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration.

35. Response to Factory Conditions
The Chartists
Their document was a “People's Charter.” This document called for:
voting by ballot
universal male suffrage
annual parliaments
equal electoral districts
no property qualifications for members of Parliament

36. Impact of the industrial revolution
Steam powers the world
Steam punk iPod cover – actually available for sale
Impact of the industrial revolution

37. Impact
Beyond what has already been discussed the following are some of the impacts of the industrial revolution:
Life expectancy increased as food supplies improved and disease diminished
Urbanization – we see a great move of people to cities

38. Impact
Middle Class – prior to the industrial revolution there was only a small middle class but it grew rapidly in numbers, wealth and power
Politics – you begin to see the start of the universal vote (for men only)

39. Impact
The industrial revolution would also lead to men of the horrors the world would see during world war I

40. Are we in the middle of the Information Revolution?
The End
Are we in the middle of the Information Revolution?
Sources:
The Industrial Revolution by: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
The Industrial Revolution by: Social Studies School Service
The Industrial Revolution by: Student Handouts Inc
Wikipedia
Industrial Revolution at
History of the Steam Engine & James Watt by Marry Bellis
Outline of Railroad History by Mary Bellis
World History for Dummies by Peter Haugen