1. Report on the Workshop for http://www.hep.umn.edu/lbcf/workshop/

2. Workshop Agenda SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005

3. ● Identify cross disciplinary applications for low background counting. ● Identify areas for improving low bg counting to better fill the users’ needs. ● Quantify the low background counting capabilities of sites in North America. ● Develop a means of scheduling access to counting facilities for users. Workshop Goals

4. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Particle/Astrophysics ● Semiconductor manufacture ● Biology ● Archeology ● Environmental Monitoring and Emergency Response ● Security Counting Across Disciplines

5. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Particle/Astrophysics ● Semiconductor manufacture ● Biology ● Archeology ● Environmental Monitoring and Emergency Response ● Security Counting Across Disciplines

6. IC Materials Overview ● High purity metals and alloys – Cu, Al, Ta, W, Ti, Pb, Sn, Ag, Ru ● Range in purity from 99.99% to 99.9999% ● Alpha Activity Requirements – 0.02  hr ‑ 1  cm ‑ 2 : early 1990’s – 0.01  hr ‑ 1  cm ‑ 2 : late 1990’s – 0.002  hr ‑ 1  cm ‑ 2 : 2001 – 0.0002  hr ‑ 1  cm ‑ 2 :2006 ● Primary alpha emitters – 210 Pb in Pb/Sn solders – U & Th Material purity critical to reliability Synergies Workshop B.Clark

7. Current Instrumentation Capability ● Industry uses Gas Proportional Counters – Area :1000 cm 2 – Geometry: 2  – Background – 2-3 cph optimal, 4-6 nominal – No energy spectroscopy capability ● Limited ability to identify contamination sources ● 0.002 analysis requires ~7 days counting time for 20% RSD Current instrumentation incapable of timely analysis Ordela 8600 Alpha Sciences 1950 Synergies Workshop B.Clark

8. Bulk Memory Test at Tower-Soudan Synergies Workshop J.Wilkinson

9. Bulk Memory Test at Tower-Soudan Synergies Workshop J.Wilkinson

10. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Particle/Astrophysics ● Semiconductor manufacture ● Biology ● Archeology ● Environmental Monitoring and Emergency Response ● Security Counting Across Disciplines

11. Synergies Workshop E.Brown

12. H 2 PO 4 DOP H 2 PO 4 DOP Part. P H 2 PO 4 DOP Part. P H 2 PO 4 DOP Part. P 33 P/ 32 P = 0.82 33 P/ 32 P = 1.05 33 P/ 32 P = 0.95 33 P/ 32 P = 1.15 33 P/ 32 P = 1.4 33 P/ 32 P ratios in dissolved and particulate P result from the source ratio (i.e. you are what you eat) and the P residence time. Synergies Workshop E.Brown

13. 32 P t ½ =14.3 d 33 P t ½ = 25 d 32 P/ 33 P t ½ = 33.4 d Advantages: P is a nutrient used by all living organisms. Radioisotope half-lives relevant to biological timescales. In-situ tracers avoid issues associated with ‘bottle effects.’ Ratio of isotopes minimizes changes due to dilution. Disadvantages: Large sample volumes and extensive purification: 5 tons per sample!!! Several hour shiptime. 32 P, 33 P formed by spallation reactions in the atmosphere Synergies Workshop E.Brown

14. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Particle/Astrophysics ● Semiconductor manufacture ● Biology ● Archeology ● Environmental Monitoring and Emergency Response ● Security Counting Across Disciplines

15. Public Health Laboratory: Operations ● 1. environmental monitoring outside nuclear reactor sites ● 2. safe drinking water; monitor public water supplies ● 3. radiological emergency response Synergies Workshop J.Brenner/J.Lorenz

16. Sample Collection per Facility ● River water samples – Upstream 1/month until freeze over – Downstream 1/month River sediment 1/yr ● Milk from local dairy farm 1/month ● Cattle feed 1/month ● Hay and grasses 1/month during growing season ● Apples 1/month during growing season ● Air filter samples 2/month ● One residential well sample 1/month Synergies Workshop J.Brenner/J.Lorenz

17. Methods of Analysis ● Tritium – Analysis based on EPA Method 906 ● Instrumentation – Packard TRICARB-2750 Liquid scintillation counter MDH Laboratory MDC <200 pCi/L Drinking Water MCL 20,000 pCi/L Drinking Water required activity 1,000 pCi/L 46 river water samples per year (average) Synergies Workshop J.Brenner/J.Lorenz

18. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Standard analysis techniques and off the shelf counters – Well defined procedures ● Modest shielding – E.g. Pb castles in basements. ● Sensitivity is probably ok. ● Major issues are throughput and speed. Public Health

19. Radiation Laboratory Analysis Synergies Workshop J.Brenner/J.Lorenz

20. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Whole Body Counting - Tom Shutt ● Beta Cage - Richard Schnee Techniques

21. Water shield SS Sphere 6-8 m Ø (less with low background PMTs) scintillator PMTs ≈ 100 Sample 20 cm Ø, 40 cm long Plastic - 13 Kg plastic Cu - 110 Kg “Mini-me” version of Borexino Whole-body counting of sample 14 C sets threshold near 250 KeV A new facility Laura Cadonati (MIT) Synergies Workshop T.Shutt

22. Synergies Workshop R.Schnee

23. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Europe – ILLIAS ● North America – Berkeley – Kimbalton – PNNL and LoMo – SNOLAB – Soudan Counting Facilities

24. Synergies Workshop K.Heegar for K.Lesko Counting Facilities: Berkeley

25. Mine Portal Sedimentary Host Rock Synergies Workshop B.Vogelaar Counting Facilities: Kimbalton

26. Drive-in Access: Width 42’ (12.8 meters) Height 26’ – 105’ (8 – 32 meters) Length up to one mile Synergies Workshop B.Vogelaar Counting Facilities: Kimbalton

27. Base facility: 1700 ft deep accessed by truck (or bus) concrete pad of 42'x113’ Concrete poured July 19, 2005; ready Sept 2005 PLAN: water, septic, 50kW electric internet 20'x40' assembly hall 12'x40' office trailer 8'x24' NRL lab unallocated (~ 40'x40') 30 minutes from VT to the mine 15 minutes from the surface Synergies Workshop B.Vogelaar Counting Facilities: Kimbalton

28. Material Screening HPGe detctors, like these at Gran Sasso Prefabricated laboratories can be driven in. Synergies Workshop B.Vogelaar Counting Facilities: Kimbalton

29. Synergies Workshop T.Hossback Counting Facilities: LoMo

30. Synergies Workshop T.Hossback Counting Facilities: LoMo

31. Synergies Workshop T.Hossback Counting Facilities: WIPP

32. Synergies Workshop T.Hossback Counting Facilities: WIPP

33. Low background Screening and Prototyping Facility at the Soudan Underground Lab 40’ x 35’ x 100’ cavern surrounded by a 99% efficient active muon veto SOLO HPGe Jim Reeves: Cu Electroforming SBIR + Cu screening detector (microBq/kg) Diode M (35%) Twin (75%) UF detector (100%) Synergies Workshop P.Cushman Counting Facilities: Soudan

34. Low background Screening and Prototyping Facility at the Soudan Underground Lab CDMS offices CDMS Aux Clean Room BFand SiLi detector Veto shield repaired last summer DAQ: location & time stamp for each muon Synergies Workshop P.Cushman Counting Facilities: Soudan

35. Ante- room Multi- purpose clean room Clean room over tank Water ports with crane Electro form 40 ft Upper mezzanine above tank top User shielding Clean room over tank anteroom Clean room Water tank Shielded bays mezzanine anteroom radon scrubbing plenum. stairs current mezzanine Muon veto shield 100 ft Drawings and Design Consultation: Short Elliott Henderson Engineering, Inc Synergies Workshop P.Cushman Counting Facilities: Soudan

36. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Location – http://www.hep.umn.edu/lbcf/integration/index.html ● Intended to be an access site to the low background counting facilities (primarily in North America). ● Will list the capabilities of the facilities ● Eventually allow scheduling of samples. ● Contact – P. Cushman: prisca@physics.umn.edu Integration Website

37. SNOLAB Workshop IV, 17 Aug 2005 ● Particle Physics Experiments want – Counting Speed – Increased Sensitivity ● Other disciplines want – Mostly Counting Speed – But also in some cases increased Sensitivity ● Various plans to expand the underground screening facilities (Soudan, Kimbalton) ● Effort to develop an integrated low background counting infrastructure (Integration Website). ● However, presently there does not appear to be excess capacity in North America. Summary

38. End