1. Introduction  In the midst of the “Information Revolution” Storage RetrievalComputers Processing  Transmission and Dissemination Communication } Fiber Satellite 

2. Introduction  Have been & will be more profound revolutions Agricultural—millenia Industrial—a few centuries Information—~ 50 years old  What is the next Revolution? What is the “Computer”

3. Computer  Problem-solving device Manipulates information according to a set of prescribed instructions (a program)  Early computers - mechanical Abacus Blaise Pascal’s calculator Charles Babbage’s devices

4. Computer  Electro-mechanical Hollerith’s census machine Konrad Zuse’s Z1…Z4 relay calculators  Electronic - lamps ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer), first electronic –Special-purpose, non-programmable ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), first programmable –18000 vacuum tubes, difficult programming via plug- board

5. Computer  3 developments accelerated computer explosion Transistor Magnetic core memory The stored program concept (Von Neumann)  Generations 1940-1950 Generation I 1950-1960 Generation II 1960-1970 Generation III 1970 onward Generation IV (VLSI)

6. Computer  Personal Computer (PC) Generation V? –Whole point of “generation” now moot Tremendous advances –Hardware –Software –Communication bandwidth –Mass storage All are fundamental changes

7. Computer

8. Digital System  Stores and processes information in digital format Example: Analog vs digital audio tape Nyquist sampling criteria

9. Digital System  Other examples of digital systems Watches Traffic light controllersfixed function Pocket calculators Computers: flexible/programmable –Trend: replace fixed function circuits with processors and program them }

10. Digital System  Digital versus Analog  Akin to Wave-particle duality Nature (God) –Discrete or continuous? –Man or woman? Digital Revolution….. AdvantagesDisadvantages Reproducibility, flexibility, speed, noise immunity….

11. Abstraction hierarchies

12. Electronic technologies I 2 L BiCMOS

13. Technology families

14. Computer organization

15. Computer programming  Information representation Binary Numeric and non-numeric (alphabets) ASCII: 7 bits plus one parity bit: 128 symbols