1. The “Virtuous Republic” Classical view of a model republic “City on a hill” [John Winthrop] Ideal citizen [Cincinnatus] 1.Govt. gets its authority from the citizens. 2.A selfless, educated citizenry. 3.Elections should be frequent. 4.Govt. should guarantee individual rights & freedoms. 5.Govt.’s power should be limited [checks & balances]. 6.The need for a written Constitution. 7.“E Pluribus Unum.” [“Out of many, one”] 8.An important role for women  raise good, virtuous citizens. [“Republican Womanhood”]. Enlightenment Thinking Foundations of Government

2. Early Political Parties Alexander Hamilton John Adams Federalists 1. Led by merchants, bankers, and lawyers living primarily in New England. 2.Favored a strong central government. 3.Interpreted the Constitution loosely loose constructionists [“implied powers”]. 4.Believed in a government by the elite, educated, and wealthy. 5.Anglophiles Pro-England. 6.Favored Hamilton’s financial policies: Support for the Bank of the U.S. America must have credit for industrial development, commercial activities, and the operations of government. Full payment of the national debt. 7.Passed the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) in which individual rights could be limited. 8.Vision for the US trade center, industry, and self-sufficient nation.

3. Thomas JeffersonJames Madison Early Political Parties 1.Led by planters, farmers, and wage earners living primarily in the South and West - a decentralized, agrarian republic. 2.The “ideal citizen” - yeoman farmer. 3.Favored strong state governments over a strong national government. 4.Interpreted the Constitution literally - strict constructionists [“enumerated powers”]. 5.Rule by the educated masses. 6.Francophiles -- Pro-French. 7.Bill of Rights was sacred -- passed the VA and KY Resolves. 8.Opposed Hamilton’s financial policies. 9.Vision for the US and agricultural society with little trade and industry. Democratic-Republicans Anti-Federalist