1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUREAUCRACY Ryan D. Williamson 19 March 2015

2. Agenda Attendance Announcement Quiz 3 on Tuesday Lecture on the bureaucracy Plan for next week

3. Questions?

5. Objective Explain how historical events influenced the bureaucracy’s independence and professionalism.

6. What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? Bureaucracy refers to the agencies – Civilian and military bureaucracies Bureaucrats are those who work for the government, but are not elected Implement policies Congress and the president decide upon Agents to two principals

7. The Saturday Night Massacre

9. Private Sector Competition: A Prisoner’s Dilemma

10. Development of the Executive Bureaucracy: Growth in Size Increased nationalization led to the bureaucracy’s growth Spikes in the size are correlated with reform and new programs

11. Total Executive-Branch Employment

12. Development of the Executive Bureaucracy: Spoils System To the victorious party go the spoils Jackson rewarded supporters with jobs in the Bureaucracy Patronage Led to growth, but also interfered with implementation Congress established the civil service

13. Development of the Executive Bureaucracy: Civil Service Pendleton Act of 1883 Most bureaucrats are civil servants Jobs are protected from patronage, and they cannot be fired for political reasons Break up role of party bosses

14. Pros and Cons of the Spoils System and the Civil Service System Spoils system created inefficiency and ineffectiveness with high turnover of unqualified workers However, it also minimizes agency loss as its members clearly support the president’s policies The civil service system ensures competency and diminished the power of political parties. However, it is also more likely to result in a principal-agent problem.

15. Development of the Executive Bureaucracy: Modern Reforms Bureaucracy is widely seen as inefficient It can be difficult to reform the bureaucracy Politicians support reform in principle, but avoid actual reforms Shrinking the bureaucracy could hurt constituents

16. Questions?

17. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUREAUCRACY Ryan D. Williamson 19 March 2015

18. BUREAUS AND THE PRINCIPAL AGENT PROBLEM Ryan D. Williamson 19 March 2015

19. Objective Describe the principal-agent problem and apply it to understanding bureaucratic governance. Explain mechanisms elected officials use to control the bureaucracy.

20. Principals and Agents in the Executive Bureaucracy Elected officials (Congress and the president) are principals; bureaucrats are agents Two primary principal-agent problems in bureaucracy: Agencies tend to drift from their defined missions Conflicting motivations of bureaucrats and elected officials

21. Bureaucratic Drift and Coalitional Drift

22. Bureaucratic Capture Agencies can also be influenced by organizations/corporations Often these are the very industries they are trying to regulate Agencies may care more about the industries than the principals they work for

23. Motivations of Bureaucrats Bureaucrats want autonomy and resources Build coalitions to help bring about policy change Possess information and expertise

24. Bureaucrats as Lawmakers Administrative law is made within the executive bureaucracy Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council (1984) Established legal standard for upholding an agency’s authority to write law in a specific area

25. Political Influences on the Bureaucracy Presidents appoint the top positions at almost all executive branch agencies More difficult to get appointments through under divided government Congress appropriates money for the bureaucracy

27. Political Influences on the Bureaucracy: Oversight Fire-alarm oversight Administrative Procedures Act of 1946 established guidelines Freedom of Information Act of 1966 requires disclosure of information Sunshine Act of 1976 requires open meetings Police-patrol oversight Congress routinely inspects agencies

28. Political Influences on the Bureaucracy: Interest Groups Interest groups lobby agencies Influence those writing administrative laws Complain when their interests are threatened The iron triangle Includes interest groups, congressional committees, and bureaucratic agencies

29. An Iron Triangle

30. Questions?

31. Next week… March 24: Quiz 3/ Bullock & Gaddie Chapter 14/ Review March 26: Exam Two