1. Fundamentals

2. A Brief Intro to the Internet
In the late 60s early 70s ARPAnet was founded to allow 4 universities to share information
Later it became the bases for the Internet!
In the early 80s BITNET was created. It was used for and list servs.

3. What is the Internet? A world-wide network of computer networks
At the lowest level, since 1982, all connections use TCP/IP
No Single organisation is currently responsible for running the Internet

4. Internet Standards & Coordination
ICANN - The Internet Corporation for Assigned Numbers & Names
Non-profit organization
Main function is to coordinate the assignment of:
Internet domain names
IP address numbers
Protocol parameters
Protocol port numbers.

5. Web Standards and the W3C Consortium
W3C – World Wide Web Consortium
Develops recommendations and prototype technologies related to the Web
Produces specifications, called Recommendations, in an effort to standardise web technologies

6. Web Accessibility WAI WCAG
Web accessibility means that people with disabilities can perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web, and that they can contribute to the Web.
WAI
W3C’s Web Accessibility Initiative
WCAG
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines

7. Universal Design for the Web
The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design

8. Website Design
There is not enough time in this course to talk extensively about good web site design
Web site design is based on a few obvious principles which are ignored by 99% of web sites
make sure you know who is going to maintain it
avoid well known bad practices
pay attention to accessibility
be clear what your aims are
put yourself in the shoes of your visitors

9. Intranet & Extranets Intranet:
A private network contained within an organization or business used to share information and resources among co-workers.
Extranet
A private network that securely shares part of an organization’s information or operations with external partners.

10. The Client/Server Model
Client/Server can describe a relationship between two computer programs –the "client" and the "server".
Client
Requests some type of service (such as a file or database access) from the server.
Server
Fulfils the request and transmits the results to the client over a network

11. The Internet Client/Server Model
Client –Web Browser
Server –Web Server

12. Web Client
Browsers are clients - always initiate, servers react (although sometimes servers require responses).
Most requests are for existing documents, using HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Mosaic: the first graphical web browser, became available in Developed by Marc Andreessen and graduate students working at NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications).
First to use a GUI, led to explosion of Web use.

13. Wed Servers Continually connected to the Internet
Provide responses to browser requests, either existing documents or dynamically built documents.
All communications between browsers and
servers use Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

14. Web Servers (Cont.)
Runs web server software (such as Apache or Internet Information Server).
Apache (open source, fast, reliable)
IIS: Maintained through a program with a GUI interface

15. Domain Name What is “Domain Name”?
It is a unique name for your website. To get a domain name you have to register the name from domain name registration companies like eHost.com.
Example:

16. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
A type of URI (uniform resource identifier) which represents the network location of a resource such as a web page, a graphic file, or an MP3 file.
It is a pointer to specific information on the internet. You can think of it as street address for information on the internet.

17. Top-Level Domain Name (TLD)
A top-level domain (TLD) identifies the right-most label of the domain name.
Current generic TLDs:
.com, .org, .net, .mil, .gov, .edu, .int, .aero, .asia, .cat, .jobs, .name, .biz, .mobi, .museum, .info, .coop, .post, .pro, .tel, .travel.

18. County Code TLDs
Two character codes originally intended to indicate the geographical location (country) of the web site.
In practice, it is fairly easy to obtain a domain name with a country code TLD that is not local to the registrant.
Examples:
.sa, .uk, .ae, .jp, .au
See

19. Internet protocols Protocols
Rules that describe the methods used for clients and servers to communicate with each other over a network.
HTTP
Protocols
TCP/IP
FTP

20. Hypertext transfer Protocols (HTTP)
Set of rules for exchanging files such as text, images, audio.
Web browsers send HTTP requests for web pages and their associated files.
Web servers send HTTP responses back to the web browsers.

21. E-mail protocols Sending E-mail SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Receiving
POP (POP3) Post Office Protocol
IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol

22. Internet Protocol (IP)
A set of rules that controls how data is sent between computers on the Internet.
IP routes a packet to the correct destination address.
Once sent, the packet gets successively forwarded to the next closest router (a hardware device designed to move network traffic) until it reaches its destination.

23. IP Address
An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each device, using the IP address you can determine the geolocation which is what country, including down to the city and post code level.
Each device connected to the Internet has a unique numeric IP address.
These addresses consist of a set of four groups of numbers, called octets.

24. Domain Name System (DNS)
Divides the Internet into logical groups and understandable names
The DNS associates Domain Names with IP addresses.
Maintains the relationship between IP addresses and domain names.
Example:
Browser:
IP Address:

25. TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol
TCP/IP has been adopted as the official communication protocol of the Internet.
TCP and IP have different functions that work together to ensure reliable communication over the Internet.
How data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.

26. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Web developers commonly use FTP to transfer web page files from their computers to web servers.
The hosting company will provide you the FTP access details.

27. Markup Languages
A markup language is a computer language that use tags to define elements within a document. It is human-readable, meaning markup files contain standard words, rather than typical programming syntax.

28. Difference between a markup language & programming language ?
A language designed to format text.
A markup language is just interpreted by the browser and not compiled.
E.g. HTML.XML,XHTML and MML
Programming language:
It is an set of instructions to the computer to perform.
The computer hardware is responsible to execute an programming language (compiling).
Few Programming Languages are JAVA,C++,C, and VB

29. Markup Languages SGML – Standard Generalized Markup Language
A standard for specifying a markup language or tag set
HTML – Hypertext Markup Language
The set of markup symbols or codes placed in a file intended for display on a web browser.

30. Markup Languages (cont.)
XML – eXtensible Markup Langauge
A text-based language designed to describe, deliver, and exchange structured information.
It is not intended to replace HTML -- it is intended to extend the power of HTML by separating data from presentation.
XHTML – eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
Developed by the W3C as the reformulation of HTML 4.0 as an application of XML.
It combines the formatting strengths of HTML 4.0 and the data structure and extensibility strengths of XML.

31. Markup Languages (Cont.)
HTML5
The next version of HTML 4 and XHTML 1

32. Difference between HTML4, XHTML & HTML5
HTML4 has a very loose syntax -for example closing tags are often optional.
This loose syntax was great for amateur developers and made HTML very easy to adopt -however loose syntax isn't great if you want to achieve a specific result across browsers, as it makes it harder for browsers to accurately guess at what you mean .

33. Cont.
In XHTML all tags, once opened, must be closed. There are also some restrictions about what tags can be nested inside each other.
HTML5 provides some important new functionality, especially the explosion in use of the mobile web.

34. HTML5 Some of the high-profile HTML5 Features are:
Video-HTML5 allows developers to embed video directly in to a web page without using a plugin.
Geolocation-enables the site to locate the user, either by GPS (in mobile phones, iPads, etc...), by IP Address (for desktops) and also via Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
Canvas-This new feature for images allows you to manipulate graphics and photos -it uses JavaScript to allow you to draw graphics on a web page.

35. Extra Reading?
Top Ten Mistakes in Web Design: (See other series)
Web Accessibility: