1. West Virginia and Virginia are “sandwiched” by Ohio and North Carolina! --We don’t have a dog in the fight!--

2. Bishop Milton Wright 1828-1917 Susan Koerner Wright 1831-1889 Katharine Wright 1874-1929 Reuchlin Wright 1861-1920 Lorin Wright 1862-1939 The third and fourth children of Bishop and Mrs. Wright (1867-1912) (1871-1948)

3. Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (1900-1905) 1883 Moved to Dayton 1892 Bicycle Shop 1896 Events 1899 Wing warping Getting Serious!

4. Otto Lilienthal’s Gliders - Photography and the Press discovered aeronautics - More than 2000 flights, using c.g. flight control Number 11 Number 13 Number 16 Lilienthal died from his glider crash injuries on August 10, 1896

5. Wilbur and Orville Wright--more than lucky bicycle mechanics Though neither graduated from high school, Wilbur completed a course in trigonometry Printing business 1881-1892 Bicycle business 1892-1916 1881 Rover (U.K.) 10-million sold in US in 1890s Technology marvel Stability and Control testbed Wrights design and build bicycles--starting in 1896 Business is good! Invention of the Safety Bicycle

6. 1896—A Pivotal Year Aerodrome No. 5 Weight: 26 lbs. Wingspan: 4 m Cambered wings Flew May 6, 1896 80-90 s, 2300-3300 ft. Samuel P. Langley’s steam-powered aerodrome Lilienthal’s fatal crash in August Orville’s 6 wk. battle with typhoid fever—Wilbur was care giver.

7. Wilbur’s Idea of Wing Warping and their quest for flight. Sketch of Wing- Warping Control Concept of 1899 Octave Chanute World aviation authority, became Wrights’ mentor in 1900. (Eclipsed by 1902) 1906 Patent

8. Learning to Fly led to Systems Engineering System Engineering Approach Structures (Pratt Truss) Integrate Controls with Airframe Aerodynamics (Wind Tunnel Testing) Propulsion (“Lightweight engine”) Efficient Propellers (Breakthrough!) Build it and Fly it (Glider Systems 1st)

9. 1900 Glider Demonstrated Wing Warping Smaller than “design” 18’ 16’ Unexpected angles of attack Few piloted flights Lower drag than expected All they had to do was go back to Dayton and build a bigger glider for the summer of 1901!

10. About the color picture... The Wright Experience  Ken Hyde and the Wright Experience Team National Park Service Direct Dimensions, Inc. Warrenton Restoration Facility Wright Engine Components-Warrenton

11. 1903 Machine Flight Test Program 1903 Flyer in construction Wright Flying Machine Reproductions Wright Model B (3) 1899 Kite 1900, 1901, 1902 Gliders 1903 Wright Flyer (2) Other Wright Reproductions Bicycles Wind Tunnels ‘03, ‘04 and ‘bent end’ propellers Wind Tunnel Tests ‘03, ‘04 and ‘bent end’ Wright Propellers Model B airfoil sections ‘01 and ‘02 Wright gliders Dynamometer Tests 1903 Wright Flyer Horizontal four Production Wright Vertical four

12. Testing 1901 Wright Glider Reproduction in LFST in 2001

13. 1902 Glider validated Wright Aeronautical Theories Airfoil behavior consistent with wind tunnel data Three axis flight control (with hinged rudder) L/D consistent with predictions

14. Reproducing a Wright Propeller Wright Brothers’ Documentation & Photographs Find a Propeller Digitize It Correct for Aging Create Templates Duplicate Everything! Expensive The Wright Experience  Larry Parks BAE Systems

15. An Exquisite Balance of Systems  On December 17, 1903, the 4 th flight covered 852 ft. in 59 seconds and sustained equilibrium flying conditions. The actual aircraft performance can therefore be reliably analyzed on the basis of Thrust=Drag, and Lift=Weight, using original data--and an exact reproduction of the ‘03 Flyer. Thrust  Engine data from historical sources  Propeller data from recent full-scale ODU/Wright Experience wind tunnel tests Drag  Feb. 2003 ODU full-scale tests  2000 AIAA full- scale wind tunnel tests  Supported by previous sub- scale data Weight  Reliable historical data Lift  See Weight and Drag

16. Aerodynamics – Ames 40  80 Propeller – ODU LFST Weights, dimensions and environment – historical data Engine – historical data Assembling the Data Aerodynamics – LFST

17. Aerodynamics – LFST 2002  A Wright Experience 1903 airframe was tested in the Langley Full-Scale Tunnel, power-off and power on. Cruise conditions were fully simulated.

18. Preliminary Results Flight Performance: Marginal Sufficient Power for Flight -More than 12 HP in flight Airframe is airworthy “Sufficient” Control Authority Strongly Non-linear Aero. Test Conditions: Up to 1.2 q cruise -2 o < AOA < 16 o Up to 25 o Sideslip Prop. Speeds to 380 RPM Full Control Deflections 30 hrs of tests; 6 hrs powered Measured: All 6 force/moments  &  Canard deflections Wing warp angles Some Flow Viz. Stick forces Critical Need for High-fidelity Flight Simulation

19. First flight, 10:35 AM, December 17, 1903 The Wrights did not consider the brief hop on Dec. 14 th to be a true flight since the take-off run was downhill.

20. Virginian-Pilot VOL. XIX. NO. 68 NORFOLK, VA FRIDAY DECEMBER 18, 1903 TWELVE PAGES THREE CENTS PER COPY True to the Democratic Party IN VICTORY OR DEFEAT 12 Pages In Two Parts FLYING MACHINE SOARS 3 MILES IN TEETH OF HIGH WIND OVER SAND HILLS AND WAVES AT KITTY HAWK ON CAROLINA COAST NO BALLOON ATTACHED TO AID IT Three Years of Hard, Secret Work by Ohio Brothers Crowned with Success ACCOMPLISHED WHAT LANGLEY FAILED AT With Man as Passenger Huge Machine Flew Like Bird Under Perfect Control BOX KITE PRINCIPLE WITH TWO PROPELLERS The problem of aerial navigation without the use of a balloon has been solved at last. Over the sand hills of the North Carolina coast yesterday

21. Looking Ahead to Dec. 17, 2003  On December 17 th, 2003, the Wright Brothers flights will be recreated on the exact site of the originals, in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina  The airframe is probably the most faithful reproduction yet attempted  Constructed by the Wright Experience, Warrenton, VA  Tens of thousands of spectators are expected  But will it fly ………?? Ken HydeKevin Kochersberger Chris JohnsonTerry Queijo (Scott Crossfield)