1. NLDC 1 SCADA-Functions Author, Vineeta Agarwal Place PSTI, Bangalore Date 29-4-2011

2. NLDC 2 Responsibilities of RLDCs Operation, monitoring and control of Regional Grids. Control of Central Sector Transmission System. Allocation of Central Sector Generation. Data Exchange with SLDCs. Data exchange with NLDC

3. NLDC 3 Responsibilities of SLDCs and Sub-LDCs SLDCs  Operation, monitoring and control of state owned power system.  Data Exchange with Sub-LDCs.  Data exchange with RLDC Sub-LDCs  Responsible for Operation, monitoring and control of power system data in its area  Data Exchange with SLDCs.

4. NLDC 4 ULDC Scheme Unified Schemes for all regions for compatibility Three level hierarchical SCADA along with EMS More than 2,100 km of Optic fibre network More than 3,000 km of microwave network More than 10 lakhs sq. km geographical area

5. NLDC 5 Scada Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA  is the system responsible for gathering, processing, and displaying information about the state of a monitored system. From a SCADA control center, operators and application programs can oversee and change the operating state of monitored devices.

6. NLDC 6 SCADA FUNCTIONS TO SUPPORT REAL TIME MONITORING AND CONTROL  Data Acquisition  Supervisory Control  Data exchange  Data Processing  Alarms, Flags  SOE, Generalized calculations  Disturbance Data Collection (HDR)  Historical Information Storage & Retrieval (ISR)

7. NLDC 7 Data Acquisition Data Acquisition process samples real world physical conditions and convert the samples into digital numeric values for use by computer.  Components of Data Acquisition System  Sensors/transducers that convert physical parameters to electrical signals.  Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a form that can be converted to digital values.  Analog-to-digital converters  A Scada system to process this digital data.

8. NLDC 8 SCADA Host Functions Primary task is to maintain SCADA databases. Performs other functions:  Converts raw data to engineering units.  Performs limit checks.  Processes alarms.  Processes calculations.  Manages communication devices.

9. NLDC 9 Data Processing The major function of the data processing module is to place data from RTUs into the database. Status PointsAnalog ValuesPulse Accumulators Retrieved values checked for any status changes Retrieved values converted to engineering units and placed in database. Last retrieved value is converted to floating point and scaled. Points then checked for a defined “normal state” Engineering value checked against operational limits and rate of change limits. Conditionally, difference with respect to previous value is computed, with adjustment if value negative (counter wrap- around)

10. NLDC 10 TELEMETRY FOR ULDC PQ V O SS DS DC MW MVAR VOLTAGE TAP POSITION SINGLE STATUS ISOLATOR POSIITION, PROTECTION, LOSS OF VOLTAGE DOUBLE STATUS CIRCUIT BREAKER POSITION DIGITALCONTROL CIRCUIT BREAKER CONTROL F FREQUENCY THE PARAMETERS ARE MONITORED FOR FOLLOWING STATIONS : Substations 220 KV and above 132/110KV AC Interstate Tie lines and in loop of 220 KV transmissions system Generating Station above 50MW capacity. Significant stations identified by constituents PQ DSDC SS VF DS SS O PQ DS PQ PQ SS Q DS VF SS

11. NLDC 11 Data types SCADA processes and stores three different types of data: analog, status, and count data.

12. NLDC 12 Analog Data Analogs are numeric values representing the state of variable-state devices, such as power lines, transformers etc In the monitored system a physical variable is usually measured by a transducer, and the output of the transducer is passed through an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter in the RTU.

13. NLDC 13 Transducer linear Conversion

14. NLDC 14 Status Data Status values represent the state of devices, such as circuit breakers, tap changers, LOV,BPT

15. NLDC 15 Digital Data Potential free contacts are used to transfer switch position to control centre.

16. NLDC 16 Data flow from RTU  RLDC  NLDC

17. NLDC 17 Data polling method Analogs are defined as periodic/Cyclic data. The periodicity varies from 10 seconds to 15 seconds depending upon the quantity of data and available bandwidth. Digital input state changes are to be reported spontaneously. The Digital input data have higher priority than Analog values.

18. NLDC 18 Data Flow NLDC 18

19. NLDC 19 Supervisory Control In Scada systems control actions are performed by RTU or PLC. operator of the control room can override or adjust normal PLC (RTU) controls

20. NLDC 20 ALARMS

21. NLDC 21 ALARMS ANALOG DIGITAL

22. NLDC 22 Alarms-analogs Normal limit-Range of limits which device is considers to be operating normally Reasonability Limit-range of values that SCADA uses to determine whether the value retrieved for the analog is realistic. Forbidden Limit-Range of values that SCADA considers violated when the analog point fall within that range Dead band Limits-On a pair of low or high limits if it is violated the value must rise above the limit by at least the dead band amount before the SCADA consider s the analog to be back within normal limits.

23. NLDC 23 Normal Alarms-analogs MW/MVAR/MVA/FREQ/VOLTAGE ALARM LIMIT-OPERATIONAL ALARM LIMIT-ALARMING ALARM LIMIT-EMERGENCY

24. NLDC 24 Alarm Limit -Mw ALARM LIMIT-OPERATIONAL +/- 1.05*(1.732*V*I*O.8) ALARM LIMIT-ALARMING +/- 1.10*(1.732*V*I*O.8) ALARM LIMIT-EMERGENCY +/- 1.15*(1.732*V*I*O.8) V-NOMINALVOLTAGE I-NOMINAL CURRENT

25. NLDC 25 Exception Displays Abnormal digital status points and analogs displayed in chronological order Abnormal digital status points and analogs displayed as per category. Abnormal digital status points and analogs displayed per location Failed (LDC) sites displayed in chronological order Failed substations and devices in chronologically order.

26. NLDC 26 Exception Displays

27. NLDC 27 Priority Alarms Alarms are categorized in 8 category  Priority 1 -Emergency threshold overshoot and status point alarms of controllable switching devices, ICCP links and other ICCP data exchange related alarms)  Priority 2 -Point alarms of non-controllable switching devices.  Priority 3 -Protection trips and substation alarms  Priority 4 -Alarms relevant to RTU’s, communication lines, and alarms of “unreasonable” category  Priority 5 - “configuration management” alarms, i.e. hardware failures (mimic board, printer, etc.) and software failures  Priority 6 –All Network alarms-state estimator, contingency analysis) and the alarms detected by the generation applications (AGC and LF)  Priority 7 -Scada topology alarms  Priority 8 -HDR, Tagging, Limit Replacement.

28. NLDC 28 Flags Gives Source and Quality of data  Source of data  RTU -----------Telemetered  ENTERED-----Manually Entered  EXTERNAL----Always to be entered manually  INTERSITE-----Data from other site  CALCULATED—Calculation tag  Quality of data  GARBAGE-The data is unreliable. The flag appears when data is uninitialized.  SUSPECT-Data is labelled suspect when there is one or more of this flag (OLD, BAD, OVER and RESUSP)  REPLACED-Data is labelled replaced when MANREP, ESTREPor REMPL)  GOOD-Data is labelled GOOD when it is not GARBAGE, SUSPECT and REPLACED.

29. NLDC 29 Flags

30. NLDC 30 Flags Unit: - uninitialized. Old:-Could not be retrieved in the last scan Telemetry failure:- communication with RTU failed BAD: - when RTU returns one or more standard test values in the RTU outside the allowed limits. Either Transducer is faulty or there is an RTU malfunctioning. Over Range: - Raw Value Received from RTU is outside the expected Range. Unreasonable:-The converted value has crossed the reasonability limit. Anomalous:-Basically not a data quality Flag.State Estimator considers the above measurement not fit for the solution. Manually replaced:-Replaced by operator

31. NLDC 31 Flags State Estimator replaced:-Value for an analog is overridden, or replaced, by state Estimator on operator request. Generalized Calculation: - Value replaced through generalised calculation. Maintenance mode: - The Device has been placed in maintenance mode. NIS:-device not in service. It will not allow scanning or calculation to update the record which is marked NIS Alarm Inhibit: - Alarms for this device inhibited. Remote Suspect:-The value is suspect at source control centre. Remote Replaced:-The value has been replaced by source control centre

32. NLDC 32 Sequence Of Events Sequence of events provides milli secs accurate time of status changes for devices monitored by Remote Terminal Units. The RTU clock is synchronized periodically by the control center clock. Reading its internal clock when a SOE status point changes state. Time stamped digital data stored in RTU buffer and transferred as file or Digital data with time stamped is transferred for SOE

33. NLDC 33 Historical DATA Recording Historical Data Recording (HDR) function allows you to preserve a time series of any set of analog, status, and accumulator measurements.  HDR functions  Saves the SCADA measurements in disk files called Historical files.  Keeps track of the Historical files that have been created and allows you to delete them.  The Database Reconstruction functions allow you to reconstruct or create a Data History listing from the data in the Historical files.  The reconstructed database can be moved to the network database for use by other applications.

34. NLDC 34 Trend Displays Real Time Trend Display  Digital, analog or counter value can be viewed simultaneously in different displays.  The information is usually sampled cyclically, stored in memory on a circular buffer and plotted on a window against time. Historical Trend Displays  To trend the value (digital, analog counter) with archived data

35. NLDC 35 Trend Displays DISPLAY OBJECT TRACK

36. NLDC 36 SCADA-EMS GROUP NRLDC36 MODIFYING TRACK ATTRIBUTES  AXIS DIRECTION Whether the X axis is horizontal (the default) or vertical  Grid lines Whether grid lines are visible or not (the default) in the display area  SCALE TO OBJECT All display objects are scaled to the currently selected display object's scale  AUTO SCALE set automatically based the historical maximum and historical minimum  FULL DATE STRING Whether the date and time is displayed or just the time.

37. NLDC 37 Tagging  Tags are free formatted text, which provide critical information to next shift operator.  Tags can be provided over digital, analog and counters data- points.  Operators can insert, edit or delete any number of tags, if they have privileges to do so.  Some operators may only be allowed to view tags.  These operations can be done from graphic displays by selecting a dynamic object or from a system list of entities.

38. NLDC 38 Types of Data Outages  All data became suspected.  All the data pertaining to your organisation is out.  All the data pertaining to other organisation is out.  Data only from a one or some of the substation is out.

39. NLDC 39 Trouble Shooting All the data on display have become suspected 1. Both Data server of this control center are out. OR 2. Master Data Server failed and standby data server has not taken over.

40. NLDC 40 Trouble Shooting All the data pertaining to your organisation is not updating. 1.Both ICCP server of this control center are out. OR 2.Master ICCP Server failed and standby ICCP server has not taken over. All the data pertaining to other organisation is not updating.

41. NLDC 41 Trouble Shooting (contd.) Some Data is not updating on display or it is marked as suspect Is RTU reporting to this control center. Check CFE Route Check ICCP Route Find out from which RTU it was coming. Is this RTU belongs to your organization. Yes No Yes

42. NLDC 42 Does the bad data belong to your organisation. Yes Find to which Sub-LDC this RTU reports. Are both servers OK. Communication link between Sub-LDC and SLDC is out. Data is interrupted due to outages of servers at Sub-LDC No Yes Checking ICCP Route Are the ICCP Servers of RSCC OK. Communication between RSCC & this SLADC not OK. Yes Data is interrupted due to outages of ICCP servers at RSCC. No Are the Data Server s of RSCC OK. Data is interrupted due to outages of Data servers at RSCC. No Yes No

43. NLDC 43 DATA BASE SCADAMDL for the SCADA database NETMODEL for the Network database GENMODEL for the Generation database DTSMODEL for the DTS database COMMUNICATION database

44. NLDC 44 Network Database Network Modeling NETMODEL  How Network Components are electrically connected?  The Parameters used to model them.

45. NLDC 45 Network Database THE NETWORK DATA The topology of power network A description of every component in the system An equivalent model Schedules Tables A load model Operating limits

46. NLDC 46 Thank you !!