1. Hydraulic & Pneumatic Systems
Laminar, Turbulent Flows & Streamlining

2. Fluid Dynamics
The factors that affect smooth or rough flow are part of the study of fluids in motion called fluid dynamics.
As a fluid flows, the forces of attraction between the molecules cause internal friction.
Viscosity is a measure of this resistance to the flow. It depends on the type and temperature of the fluid.

3. Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow: Fluid flow in which adjacent regions of fluid flow smoothly over one another.
Turbulent Flow: Fluid flow in which a disturbance resists the fluid’s motion. Results when fluids cannot move smoothly around or through an object.
Eddies: Areas of fluid disturbance (swirling)

4. Eddies

5. Streamlining
Drag: The forces that act against an object’s motion through a fluid.
Streamlining: The process of reducing the turbulence experienced by an object moving rapidly relative to a fluid.
Very important in designs of turbines, cars, planes and many other objects.
Studied using wind tunnels and computer simulations