1. 1 Chapter 6 Chemical Quantities Powers of Ten Animation

2. 2 Section 6.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter n OBJECTIVES: –Describe how Avogadro’s number is related to a mole of any substance.

3. 3 Section 6.1 The Mole: A Measurement of Matter n OBJECTIVES: –Calculate the mass of a mole of any substance.

4. 4 What is a Mole? What is a Mole? n You can measure mass, n or volume, n or you can count pieces. n We measure mass in grams. n We measure volume in liters. n We count pieces in MOLES.

5. 5 Moles (abbreviated: mol) n Defined as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. n 1 mole is 6.02 x 10 23 particles. n Treat it like a very large dozen n 6.02 x 10 23 is called Avogadro’s number.

6. 6 Representative particles n The smallest pieces of a substance. –For a molecular compound: it is the molecule. –For an ionic compound: it is the formula unit (ions). –For an element: it is the atom. »Remember the 7 diatomic elements (made of molecules)

7. 7 Types of questions n How many oxygen atoms in the following? –CaCO 3 –Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 n How many ions in the following? –CaCl 2 –NaOH –Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3

8. 8 Types of questions n How many molecules of CO 2 are there in 4.56 moles of CO 2 ?

9. 9 n How many moles of water is 5.87 x 10 22 molecules?

10. 10 n How many atoms of carbon are there in 1.23 moles of C 6 H 12 O 6 ?

11. 11 How many moles is 7.78 x 10 24 formula units of MgCl 2

12. 12 Measuring Moles n Remember relative atomic mass? n The amu was one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom. n Since the mole is the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, n the decimal number on the periodic table is also the mass of 1 mole of those atoms in grams.

13. 13 Gram Atomic Mass (gam) n Equals the mass of 1 mole of an element in grams n 12.01 grams of C has the same number of pieces as 1.008 grams of H and 55.85 grams of iron. n We can write this as 12.01 g C = 1 mole C n We can count things by weighing them.

14. 14 Examples n How much would 2.34 moles of carbon weigh?

15. 15 How many moles of magnesium is 24.31 g of Mg ?

16. 16 n How many atoms of lithium is 1.00 g of Li?

17. 17 n How much would 3.45 x 10 22 atoms of U weigh?

18. 18 What about compounds? n in 1 mole of H 2 O molecules there are two moles of H atoms and 1 mole of O atoms n To find the mass of one mole of a compound –determine the moles of the elements they have –Find out how much they would weigh –add them up

19. 19 What about compounds? n What is the mass of one mole of CH 4 ? 1 mole of C = 12.01 g 4 mole of H x 1.01 g = 4.04g 1 mole CH 4 = 12.01 + 4.04 = 16.05g n The Gram Molecular Mass (gmm) of CH 4 is 16.05g –this is the mass of one mole of a molecular compound.

20. 20 Gram Formula Mass (gfm) n The mass of one mole of an ionic compound. n Calculated the same way as gmm. n What is the GFM of Fe 2 O 3 ? 2 moles of Fe x 55.85 g = 111.70 g 3 moles of O x 16.00 g = 48.00 g The GFM = 111.70 g + 48.00 g = 159.70 g

21. 21 The molar mass (in g/mol) of any substance is always numerically equal to its formula weight (in amu). Molar Mass Mass of 1 mole of substance Molar Mass Mass of 1 mole of substance

22. 22 Section 6.2 Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume Relationships n OBJECTIVES: –Use the molar mass to convert between mass and moles of a substance.

23. 23 Section 6.2 Mole-Mass and Mole-Volume Relationships n OBJECTIVES: –Use the mole to convert among measurements of mass, volume, and number of particles.

24. 24 Molar Mass n Molar mass is the generic term for the mass of one mole of any substance (in grams) n The same as: 1) gram molecular mass, 2) gram formula mass, and 3) gram atomic mass- just a much broader term.

25. 25 Examples n Calculate the molar mass of the following and tell what type it is: n Na 2 S nN2O4nN2O4nN2O4nN2O4 nCnCnCnC n Ca(NO 3 ) 2 n C 6 H 12 O 6 n (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4

26. 26 Molar Mass n The number of grams of 1 mole of atoms, ions, or molecules. n We can make conversion factors from these. –To change grams of a compound to moles of a compound.

27. 27 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?

28. 28 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?

29. 29 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles

30. 30 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH

31. 31 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g

32. 32 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g l 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g

33. 33 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g l 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g

34. 34 For example n How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH? l need to change grams to moles l for NaOH l 1mole Na = 22.99g 1 mol O = 16.00 g 1 mole of H = 1.01 g l 1 mole NaOH = 40.00 g

35. 35 Examples n How many moles is 4.56 g of CO 2 ?

36. 36 n How many grams is 9.87 moles of H 2 O?

37. 37 n How many molecules is 6.8 g of CH 4 ?

38. 38 49 molecules of C 6 H 12 O 6 weighs how much?

39. 39 Gases n Many of the chemicals we deal with are gases. –They are difficult to weigh. n Need to know how many moles of gas we have. n Two things effect the volume of a gas –Temperature and pressure n We need to compare them at the same temperature and pressure.

40. 40 Standard Temperature and Pressure n 0ºC and 1 atm pressure n abbreviated STP n At STP 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L n Called the molar volume n 1 mole = 22.4 L of any gas at STP

41. 41 Examples n What is the volume of 4.59 mole of CO 2 gas at STP?

42. 42 n How many moles is 5.67 L of O 2 at STP?

43. 43 What is the volume of 8.8 g of CH 4 gas at STP?

44. 44 Density of a gas n D = m / V –for a gas the units will be g / L n We can determine the density of any gas at STP if we know its formula. n To find the density we need the mass and the volume. n If you assume you have 1 mole, then the mass is the molar mass (from PT) n At STP the volume is 22.4 L.

45. 45 Examples n Find the density of CO 2 at STP. n Find the density of CH 4 at STP.

46. 46 The other way n Given the density, we can find the molar mass of the gas. n Again, pretend you have 1 mole at STP, so V = 22.4 L. n m = D x V n m is the mass of 1 mole, since you have 22.4 L of the stuff. n What is the molar mass of a gas with a density of 1.964 g/L? n 2.86 g/L?

47. 47 Summary n These four items are all equal: a) 1 mole b) molar mass (in grams) c) 6.02 x 10 23 representative particles d) 22.4 L at STP Thus, we can make conversion factors from them.

48. 48 Section 6.3 Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas n OBJECTIVES: –Calculate the percent composition of a substance from its chemical formula or experimental data.

49. 49 Section 6.3 Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas n OBJECTIVES: –Derive the empirical formula and the molecular formula of a compound from experimental data.

50. 50 Calculating Percent Composition of a Compound n Like all percent problems: Part whole Part whole n Find the mass of each component, n then divide by the total mass. x 100 %

51. 51 Example: What is the percent composition of H 2 O H 2 x 1.01 = 2.02 g/mol O 1 x 16.00 = 16.00 g/mol 18.02 g/mol % H = (2.02/18.02) x 100 = 11.2% % O = (16.00/18.02) x 100 = 88.8 %

52. 52 Example n Calculate the percent composition of a compound that is 29.0 g of Ag with 4.30 g of S. 29.0 g Ag + 4.30 g S = 33.3 g Total % S = (4.30g / 33.3g) x 100 = 12.9% % Ag = (29.0g / 33.3g) x 100 = 87.1%

53. 53 Getting it from the formula n If we know the formula, assume you have 1 mole. n NaCl = I mole n Then you know the mass of the pieces and the whole. Na 1 x 22.99 = 22.99 g/mol Cl 1 x 35.45 = 35.45 g/mol 58.44 g/mol

54. 54 Examples n Calculate the percent composition of C 2 H 4 ?

55. 55 n How about Aluminum carbonate? –Sample Problem 6-13, p.132

56. 56 The Empirical Formula n The lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound. n The molecular formula = the actual ratio of elements in a compound. n The two can be the same. n CH 2 is an empirical formula n C 2 H 4 is a molecular formula n C 3 H 6 is a molecular formula n H 2 O is both empirical & molecular

57. 57 Calculating Empirical n Just find the lowest whole number ratio n C 6 H 12 O 6 n CH 4 N n It is not just the ratio of atoms, it is also the ratio of moles of atoms. n In 1 mole of CO 2 there is 1 mole of carbon and 2 moles of oxygen. n In one molecule of CO 2 there is 1 atom of C and 2 atoms of O.

58. 58 Calculating Empirical n We can get a ratio from the percent composition. n Assume you have a 100 g. n The percentages become grams. n Convert grams to moles. n Find lowest whole number ratio by dividing by the smallest.

59. 59 Example n Calculate the empirical formula of a compound composed of 38.67 % C, 16.22 % H, and 45.11 %N. n Assume 100 g so n 38.67 g C x 1mol C = 3.220 mole C 12.01 gC n 16.22 g H x 1mol H = 16.09 mole H 1.01 gH n 45.11 g N x 1mol N = 3.219 mole N 14.01 gN

60. 60 Example n The ratio is 3.220 mol C = 1 mol C 3.219 molN 1 mol N n The ratio is 16.09 mol H = 5 mol H 3.219 molN 1 mol N n = C 1 H 5 N 1

61. 61 A compound is 43.64 % P and 56.36 % O. What is the empirical formula? Empirical formula And molar mass P2O5P2O5 43.64g P 56.36g O 30.96g 1 mol 1.41 mol 16.00g 1mol 3.5 mol 1.41 1 2.5 203.88 X 2 =5 X 2 = 2

62. 62 Empirical to molecular n Since the empirical formula is the lowest ratio, the actual molecule would weigh more. n By a whole number multiple. n Divide the actual molar mass by the empirical formula mass.

63. 63 Example KCIum Empirical formula and molar mass of KCIum is N 1 O 2 (46g) KCIum has a molar mass of 92.0g. KCIum is known to be composed of 30.4 % N, 69.6% O. What is KCIum ’s molecular formula? KCIum has a molar mass of 92.0g. KCIum is known to be composed of 30.4 % N, 69.6% O. What is KCIum ’s molecular formula? 30.4 g N 69.6 g O 14.0 14.0 g 16.0 16.0 g 1 1 mol 2.17 2.17 mol 4.35 4.35 mol 2.17 mol 2 1

64. 64 92 Molar mass of the molecular formula for KCIum is 92 g Molar mass of molecular formula(given) Molar mass of empirical formula(calculated) = 92 g 46g = 2 Empirical formula NO 2 Molecular Formula N2O4N2O4 X 2X 2 g Molar mass of the KCIum empirical formula is 46 g The empirical formula of KCIum is NO 2