1. Ch. 10 Sec 2

2. Enlightenment 18 th century philosophical movement Intellectuals impressed with Scientific Revolution Focused on reason Application of scientific method to understanding of life Hoped to make progress toward a better society

3. John Locke Man is born with a blank mind People are molded by experiences Came through senses from surrounding world Positive view of human nature People can learn from experience and improve themselves Have natural ability to govern own affairs and look after welfare of society

4. Natural Rights All people are born free and equal 3 basic rights – life, liberty, and property Purpose of gov’t is to protect these rights If gov’t fails, citizens have right to overthrow it Ten Treatises on Government

5. Isaac Newton World-Machine Concept Physical world and everything in it operated like a giant machine Natural laws controlled everything Could be uncovered through systematic investigation Natural laws of physical world could lead to natural laws governing human society Laws could lead to ideal society

6. Ideas of the Philosophes Philosophe Intellectuals of the Enlightenment French word meaning “philosopher” Mostly nobility and middle class Mostly French

7. The Role of Philosophy Philosophes wanted to change the world Study society with purpose of making it better Rational criticism applied to everything Life, religion, politics Generations built on contributions before them Became more radical over time

8. Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws – 1748 Three Basic Gov’t Republics suitable for small states Despotism appropriate for large states Monarchies Moderate sized states

9. Separation of Powers Three Branches of English Gov’t Executive Monarch carries out laws Legislative Parliament makes laws Judicial Court system interprets laws Power limited through checks and balances

13. Voltaire Francois-Marie Arouet Criticized Christianity through satire Fought against religious intolerance in France Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and freedom of speech

14. Deist Religious philosophy based on reason and natural law God created world and set it in motion Allowed world to run according to natural laws and without interference

15. Denis Diderot Encyclopedia 28-volume collection of knowledge Articles written by greatest thinkers, philosophers and scientists of the day Included: Attacks on religious superstition Supported tolerance Social, legal, and political reforms

16. New Social Sciences Philosophes used Newton’s methods to discover natural laws Led to social sciences Economics and Political Science

17. Economics Physiocrats and Adam Smith Founders of modern economics Physiocrats French group Interested in identifying natural economic laws governing human society

18. Individuals free to pursue own economic self- interest would benefit society The state should not interrupt free economics Gov’t should not impose regulations State should leave the economy alone Laissez-Faire French for “let the people do what they want

19. Adam Smith 1776 – Wealth of the Nations State should not interfere in economy Gov’t has three basic roles Protect society from invasion – army Defend citizens from injustice – police Keep up public works necessary for social interaction and trade

20. Adam Smith and Economics Desire for personal gain drives economic activity Leads to competition Competition would benefit society Prices kept lower Production more efficient Labor and capital are directed to profitable industries Pursuit of self-interest benefits all society

21. Beccaria on Justice By 18 th Century, most European states had developed court system Punishments were often cruel Used to deter crime Police force too weak to capture criminals On Crimes and Punishments – 1764 Punishments should not be brutal Opposed capital punishment

22. The Spread of Ideas 1760s introduced a new generation of philosophes Ideas spread through increasingly literate society

23. The Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind People had adopted laws and gov’t to preserve property Became enslaved to gov’t The Social Contract – 1762 Society agrees to be governed by general will of the people People that wish to follow own self-interest must be forced to abide by general will

24. Rousseau’s Beliefs Emotion and reason were important to human development Balance between heart and mind Women naturally different from men Educate women for roles as wives and mothers Learn obedience Skills necessary to provide loving care for husbands and children

25. Women’s Rights Mary Wollstonecraft Vindication of the Rights of Women People argued women must obey man Also said gov’t with arbitrary power over subjects was wrong Enlightenment and rights based on reason Women have reason Women should have same rights as men

26. The Growth of Reading Spread of ideas to literate people extremely important Publishing and literacy rates grew # of books increased Magazines newspapers

27. The Salon Salons Elegant drawing rooms of wealthy upper class’s houses People gathered there to have conversations about Enlightenment ideas Writers, artists, aristocrats, gov’t officials, wealthy middle class Gave women who hosted events a position of power Marie-Therese de Geoffrin