1. FREUD’S LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS Unconscious level: selfish needs, irrational wishes, immoral urges, fears, violent motives, unacceptable desires, shameful experiences Preconscious level: memories, stored knowledge Conscious level: perceptions, thoughts

2. ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS A type of consciousness other than normal waking consciousness 1.Sleep 2.Meditation 3.Dreams 4.Drugs 5.Hypnosis

3. SLEEP Circadian Rhythms: regular sequence of biological processes, such as temperature and sleep, that occurs every 24 hours Temperature falls to its lowest point between 3am and 5am

4. STAGES OF SLEEP Beta Waves: short and quick (awake) Alpha Waves: slower (relax and drowsy) Stage 1: lightest sleep; brain waves slow down from alpha to theta; brief dreamlike images; 5-10 minutes Stage 2: muscle spasms; body is preparing to enter deep sleep

5. STAGES OF SLEEP Stages 3 & 4: sleep is deep and the brain produces delta waves (slowest) Non-REM sleep: stages 1-4; lasts from 90-120 minutes 1-2-3-4-3-2-1-REM REM sleep: begin to breathe more regularly, blood pressure rises, heart beats faster –Heightened cerebral activity = dreams

6. DREAMS According to Freud, dreams reflect a person’s unconscious wishes and urges; and people dream in symbols Most vivid dreams occur during REM During NREM, dreams are less likely to have clear imagery and plots that make sense

7. INSOMNIA Difficulty falling asleep No problem falling asleep, but difficulty staying asleep Waking up too early Transient Insomnia: lasting a few nights Short-term Insomnia: 2 or 4 weeks Chronic Insomnia: lasting a month or longer (depression)

8. NIGHTMARES VS. NIGHT TERRORS Upsetting events, anxiety and depression can cause nightmares Night terrors are more severe and include heart racing, talking incoherently, thrashing about, sitting up in bed Night terrors occur during stages 3 and 4 while nightmares occur during REM

9. OTHER SLEEP DISORDERS Sleep Apnea: breathing interruption; usually accompanied with snoring Narcolepsy: suddenly fall asleep no matter what time it is or where they are Sleepwalking: brain waves combine awake and deep sleep –Caused by stress and substance abuse in adults –Amnesia usually follows episode –Difficult to arouse patient during episode