1. States of Consciousness

2. Consciousness Our awareness of ourselves & our environment

3. Levels of Consciousness Conscious Level Non-conscious Level Preconscious Level Subconscious Level Unconscious Level

4. Information Processing Conscious Processing: – Happens in sequence – Slow – Limited in capacity Parallel processing: – Subconscious processing – Ex: Thinking of something while doing another task

5. WHY DO WE SLEEP? THREE THEORIES 1)Sleep fits our ecological niche/conserves energy 2)Helps to recuperate from daily activities (recharge the body’s “battery”). 3)Restores body tissues.

6. Sleep Sleep is a state of consciousness. We are less aware of our surroundings. Periodic, natural

7. Sleep and Dreams  Biological Rhythms  periodic physiological fluctuations  Circadian Rhythm  the biological clock  regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24- hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature

8. Sleep and Dreams  Measuring sleep activity (Using EEG machine)

9. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages  Alpha Waves  slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain  Delta Waves  large, slow waves of deep sleep  Hallucinations  false sensory experiences

10. Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

11. Stage 1 Kind of awake and kind of asleep (light sleep) Only lasts a few minutes Sensation of falling or floating Your brain produces Theta Waves.

12. Stage 2 More Theta Waves that get progressively slower. Begin to show sleep spindles…short bursts of rapid brain waves. Sleep talking

13. Stages 3 and 4 Stage 3 is only a few min. transition to Stage 4: – Slow wave sleep. – You produce Delta waves. – If awoken you will be very groggy. – Vital for restoring body’s growth hormones and good overall health. At the end of Stage 4 we go back thru Sleep Stages in REVERSE order to get to REM Sleep. (ex. 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, REM = 90 min cycle

14. REM Sleep Rapid Eye Movement Paradoxical sleep – Our muscles are relaxed, but our other body systems are highly active – Heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid & irregular, genital arousal occurs, & eyes flutter Dreams (Vivid) usually occur – Nightmares

15. Are you REALLY sleep deprived? » Page 278 Symptoms?

16. Sleep Deprivation  Effects of Sleep Loss  fatigue  impaired concentration  depressed immune system  greater vulnerability to accidents

17. Sleep Deprivation It impairs creativity and concentration Irritability Occasionally: – Slight hand tremors – Slowed Physical Performance Misconceptions / Misperceptions on Monotonous Tasks (driving, piloting, boating, data input in computer, etc…)

18. Sleep Deprivation 2,400 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,800 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) 3,600 4,200 4000 3,800 Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Less sleep, more accidents More sleep, fewer accidents Monday before time changeMonday after time change Accident frequency

19. Sleep Disorders

20. SLEEP DISORDERS INSOMNIA NARCOLEPSY SLEEP APNEA Night terrors

21. Insomnia Persistent problems falling asleep / staying asleep Effects 10% of the population

22. Narcolepsy Sleep attacks last 5 mins +/- Suffer from sleeplessness and may fall asleep at unpredictable or inappropriate times. Directly into REM sleep Less than.001 % of population.

23. Sleep Apnea A person stops breathing during their sleep. Wake up momentarily, gasps for air, then falls back asleep. Deprives people of “slow wave” – stage 4 sleep = deep sleep Very common, especially in heavy males. Can be fatal.

24. Night Terrors Not a nightmare Occurs during stage 4 sleep, whereas Nightmares occur in REM sleep). Wake up screaming and have no idea why. Experienced mainly by children Most common in (boys) between ages 2-8.

25. Somnambulism Sleep Walking Most often occurs during the first few hours of sleeping and in stage 4 (deep sleep). If you have had night terrors, you are more likely to sleep walk when older.

26. Dreams

27.  Dreams  sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind  hallucinatory imagery  Discontinuities/breaks/ gaps  inconsistencies  delusional acceptance of the content  difficulties remembering

28. What do we Dream? Pg. 281 Common dreams revolve around: – Failing in an attempt to do something – Being Attacked – Being Chased – Being Rejected – Daily activities – Experiencing Misfortune

29. Dreams: Freud  Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)  wish fulfillment  discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings  Manifest Content  remembered story line  Latent Content  underlying meaning

30. Freud’s Theory of Dreams Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious. Dreams allow us to express our unconscious wishes that are unacceptable in real life Manifest Content (storyline) Latent Content (underlying meaning)

31. Critique Sigmund Freud’s interpretations of dreams. Thoughts?

32. Differentiate between the Activation-Synthesis Theory and Information-Processing Theory.

33. Activation-Synthesis Theory Our Brain is trying to interpret random neural activity while we are in REM sleep That is why dreams sometimes make no sense.

34. Information-Processing Theory Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life. We tend to dream more when we are more stressed.

35. Hypnosis

36.  Hypnosis  a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur  Posthypnotic Amnesia  supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis  induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion towards the end of the interaction

37. Explaining Hypnosis

38. What is the connection between hypnosis and the medical field? How could medical professionals use hypnosis to help patients?

39. HYPNOSIS Can hypnosis FORCE people to ACT against their WILL? NO Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Pg.290 YES! Post-hypnotic suggestion has helped people alleviate headaches, asthma, warts, stress related skin disorders, to stop smoking, and to stop overeating. Can hypnosis alleviate PAIN? YES! 2 theories are: 1.Either by “dissociating” the pain sensation from conscious awareness OR 2. focusing attention on other “things.” (example: Lamaze childbirth training)

40. Hypnosis pg. 290-291  Posthypnotic Suggestion  suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized  used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors  Dissociation  a split in consciousness  allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

41. Differentiate between the role theory and state theory about hypnosis.

42. Hypnotic Theories Role Theory Hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness. Different people have various state of hypnotic suggestibility. A social phenomenon where people want to believe. Work better on people with richer fantasy lives. State Theory Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. Dramatic health benefits It works for pain best.

43. Drugs

45. Explain the effects that drugs (stimulants, hallucinogens and depressants have on a person’s brain and state of consciousness.

46. Drugs Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called the blood-brain barrier. The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.

47. Psychoactive Drugs

48. Stimulants (“Uppers) Speed up body processes by exciting neural activity More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.

49. Depressants aka “Downers” Slows down body processes & depress central nervous system – Alcohol – Anxiolytics (barbiturates and tranquilizers) – Opiates

50. Alcohol More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages. Alcohol is involved in 60% of ALL crimes. Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes. Is it worth the cost?

51. Opiates Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities. Agonist for endorphins. Derived from poppy plant. Morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine. All these drugs cross the placental barrier….Teratogens.

52. Hallucinogens Psychedelics Causes changes in perceptions of reality LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana. Reverse tolerance or synergistic effect

53. Near-Death Experiences  Near-Death Experience  an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death  often similar to drug- induced hallucinations

54. Near-Death Experiences  Dualism  the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact  Monism  the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

55. Dissociation Theory Theory by Ernest Hilgard. We voluntarily divide our consciousness up. Ice Water Experiment. We have a hidden observer, a level of us that is always aware.