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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
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Waking Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environments
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Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations Circadian Rhythm the biological clock regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle, such as of wakefulness and body temperature
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Circadian Rhythm zAny rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues ybody temperature ycortisol secretion ysleep and wakefulness zIn the absence of time cues, the cycle period will become somewhat longer than 24 hours
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Functions of Sleep zRestoration theory - body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape zPreservation and protection theory - sleep emerged in evolution to preserve energy and protect during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger
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Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep” muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
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Brain Waves and Sleep Stages Alpha Waves slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain Delta Waves large, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinations false sensory experiences
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Stages of Sleep
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Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM
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Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration depressed immune system greater vulnerability to accidents
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Sleep Disorders Insomnia persistent problems in falling or staying asleep zSomnambulism ysleepwalking zNight terrors ysudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during slow-wave sleep Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea temporary cessation of breathing momentary reawakenings
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Dreams Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering
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Dreams and REM Sleep zEveryone dreams several times a night ytrue dream - vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM ysleep thought - lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep
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Theories about why we dream zFreud yFulfill our needs yFulfillment zCartwright ySolve problems yProblem solving view Hobson & McCarley yCreate stories to make sense of our emotions and thoughts yActivation – synthesis model
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Hypnosis Hypnosis a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
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Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
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Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
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Dependence and Addiction Tolerance diminishing effect with regular use Withdrawal discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large Drug dose Little effect Big effect Drug effect Response to first exposure After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect
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Psychoactive Drugs Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
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Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD
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Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
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Psychoactive Drugs Opiates opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
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Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
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Psychoactive Drugs Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
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Psychoactive Drugs
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Perceived Marijuana Risk ‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 Year 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Percent of twelfth graders Perceived “great risk of harm” in marijuana use Used marijuana
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Near-Death Experiences Near-Death Experience an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death often similar to drug- induced hallucinations
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