1. Stages of Consciousness

2. History Wundt - __________________ James – ___________________ Behaviorism - _______________ Consciousness – able to study using ________ – More scientific

3. Stages of Consciousness Controlled processes – __________________ Automatic processes ex. _____________ Daydreaming - __________________ Sleeping Anesthesia Unconsciousness

4. Circadian Rhythms The cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological processes Light resets biological clock – Hormone melatonin – Light tweaks the circadean clock by activating light- sensitive retinal proteins. These proteins tigger signals to the brain’s suprachiasmatic nucleus – causing the brain’s pineal gland to decrease secretion of melatonin in the morning or increase the secretion of melatonin in the evening which causes slowing of biological activity – Shift to 25 hour clock due to electric lights – Easier to adjust to later shifts than earlier ones

5. Why do we sleep? – Evolutionary psychology – sleep protects; better to be safe in cave than vulnerable in dark – Physiological psychology – sleep frees up energy to restore body and brain and allow for growth – Sleep helps us recuperate – restore and repair brain tissue, building memories

6. Sleep Stages

7. Brain Waves Beta – alert wakefulness, small, fast brain waves Alpha – relaxed wakefulness, drowsy, relatively slow brain waves Delta – large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep K complex – single, high voltage spike of brain activity REM – rapid eye movement, alpha waves, rapid breathing, “REM paralysis”, dreaming

8. Stages of Sleep Stage 1: Small, irregular waves produced in light sleep (people may or may not say they were asleep) – Hypnic Jerk: Reflex muscle contraction Stage 2: Deeper sleep; sleep spindles (short bursts of distinctive brain-wave activity) appear, K complex – single high voltage spike of brain activity Stage 3: Deeper sleep; Delta waves appear; very large and slow Stage 4: Deepest level of normal sleep; almost purely Delta waves

9. (a) Average proportion of time adults spend daily in REM sleep and NREM sleep. REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time. (b) Typical changes in stages of sleep during the night. Notice that dreams mostly coincide with REM periods.

10. Typical Night Sleep 01234567 4 3 2 1 Sleep stages Awake Hours of sleep REM

11. Typical Night Sleep Hours of sleep Minutes of Stage 4 and REM 12 34 5678 0 10 15 20 25 5 Decreasing Stage 4 Increasing REM

12. Sleep Disorders Insomnia – persistent problems in falling or staying asleep Narcolepsy – uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea – cessation of breathing – often associated with snoring – repeatedly awakes sufferer Night Terrors – high levels of arousal – Stage 4 – heart rate and breathing rate double Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) – Occurs in NREM sleep during Stages 3 and 4 Sleeptalking – Speaking while asleep; occurs in NREM sleep

13. Sleep Deprivation Create sleep debt if sleep is missed Lost sleep changes behavior – Irritable – Fatigued – Inattentive and inefficient