1. INSIDE THE CELL Yellow –Headings Red – Vocabulary Purple – Important Stuff

2. Cell Diversity and Size

3. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION ORGANELLES: –CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL

4. EUKARYOTES ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN: –MEMBRANE- BOUND NUCLEUS –OTHER ORGANELLES

5. PROKARYOTES UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANE- BOUND NUCLEUS LACK OTHER ORGANELLES EXAMPLE= BLUE- GREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped bacteria.

7. INSIDE THE CELL CYTOPLASM: –B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE –WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED CYTOSOL: –GELATIN-LIKE FLUID THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES

8. NUCLEUS: –LARGE –NEAR CENTER OF CELL –CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO –DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL

9. NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome) CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT) NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION

10. MITOCHONDRIA THE “MIGHTY MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!! CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE

11. TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S ATP = (AdenosineTriPhosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY CAR (MITOCHONDRIA) GASOLINE (CHEMICAL RXN) GAS + ENGINE = CAR STARTS (ATP MADE) CAR RUNS (ENERGY) MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL

12. SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES –OUTER & INNER CRISTAE: –THE LONG FOLDS INSIDE THE INNER FOLD –ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE – CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE

13. RIBOSOMES MOST NUMEROUS ORGANELLE IN THE CELL NO MEMBRANE 60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S

14. PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. antibodies –transported and used elsewhere in the organism WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO ER: –PROTEINS INSERTED TO MEMBRANES –PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when translating a mRNA.

15. Proteins being made by DNA Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can be used by the body.

16. JHK PROTEIN CHAIN JHK RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN

17. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY” –MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER 2 TYPES OF ER: –SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes) –ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES)

18. ROUGH ER: IN CELLS THAT MAKE A LOT OF PROTEINS USED FOR EXPORT OUT OF THE CELL ALSO TO BE INSERTED INTO THE CELL MEMBRANE SMOOTH ER: INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) OF STEROID GLAND CELLS REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS BREAKDOWN OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY LIVER CELLS

19. SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER

20. GOLGI APPARATUS PROCESSING PACKAGING SECRETING ORGANELLE SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES “PANCAKES” SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL

22. LYSOSOME SMALL SPHERICAL ORGANELLE ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I SINGLE MEMBRANES DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS., LIPIDS, DNA, RNA –SOMETIMES DIGEST: OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED RARE IN PLANT CELLS

23. LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: 1.NUCLEUS a. NUCLEOLUS 2.ER a. THE 2 TYPES 3.RIBOSOME 4.MITOCHONDRIA a. CRISTAE 5.LYSOSOME 6.GOLGI APPARATUS

24. CYTOSKELETON NETWORK OF LONG PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL NO MEMBRANE AIDS IN MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES MICROFILAMENTS: –THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN. –SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON

25. MICROTUBLES: LARGEST STRANDS HOLLOW TUBES WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL SPINDLE FIBERS: THICK BUNDLES ASSIST IN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION

27. HOW CELLS MOVE CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL SHORT & IN LARGE QUANTITIES = CILIA LONG & LESS NUMEROUS = FLAGELLA