1. Ants, Wasps, & Bees Announcements Speaking Today: Amanda Meadows Speaking Next Tuesday: Elizabeth Andrews QUIZ NEXT TUESDAY OVER CHAPTERS 25, 26, 21, 24

2. New Spider Threat in N America Tegenaria agrestis, Hobo Spider Introduced from Europe to Seattle in 1930’s Moved into homes Bite is similar to brown recluse Now responsible for more necrotic envenomations in US than any other sp.

3. Spiders & MRSA MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Community-Acquired has been associated with spiders Association is two-fold –Transmission of MRSA via spider bites –Misdiagnosis of MRSA as spider bites Misdiagnosis has been largely corrected by including MRSA screen as part of the spider bite diagnostic protocol. ExampleExample –Educational effort continues in the medical community

4. Other effects: Urticating Hairs Barbed hairs on the abdomen of many New World tarantulas Used as a defense, territorial marker. Commonly encountered by pet owners when they clean tarantula cages Nonvenomous but some people have allergies.

5. Order Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, & Wasps Relatively recent evolutionary origin Generally the most beneficial group of insects to man –Useful products (e.g. honey) –Biological control Members have the most advanced communication, learning, and vision Most of the social insects in this group –Including specializations for social defense –Most attacks on humans are colony defense actions

6. Medical significance of this group is in its sting Stingers are modified ovipositors so only females sting Most stinging females are not reproductive Stinger itself can be a problem but mostly it’s the venom Hymenopteran families of most medical significance are: –Ants Formicidae – Social –Solitary Wasps Mutilidae – Velvet ants; Cow Killers –Social Wasps Vespidae – Yellow Jackets; Hornets; Paper Wasps –Social Bees Apidae – Honey bees; Bumble Bees

7. Hymenopteran Stinger Source

8. Wasp Stinger

9. Hymenopteran venoms Depending on the size/species one sting is generally 0.01 – 0.15 mg venom –Typical Human LD 50 is ~100 mg Most are chemically similar to snake venom and can be deactivated with ethanol –Neurotoxins and agents to assist them –In vertebrates, neurotoxins cause temporary pain, the other agents cause real damage Often contain non-toxic components –Pheromones (trail marking, alarm, marking)

10. Example: Apitoxin (Honeybee) Name%Function Melitten52Anti-inflammatory agent; induces of cortisol production; cell-lytic. Apamin15 - 20Cortisol production; neurotoxin Phospholipase A2 (A1 in wasps) 10 - 12Cell-lytic; decreases blood pressure; anticoagulant; prostoglandin stimulant Hyaluronidase1 - 3Dilates capillaries speeding inflammatory spread Protease Inhibitors2Prevents Inactivation of other constituents Dopamine & noradrenalin 1 - 2Increases pulse rate Histamine0.5 - 2Allergic response

11. Reactions to Hymenopteran Stings Immediate localized reaction or swelling (non-allergic responses) –Mild: erythema, swelling, and transient pain at the sting site that subsides within a few hours –More Severe: may involve an entire extremity. Swelling of the airway, tongue etc can occur. Systemic toxic response from multiple stings –Mild: Hives –More Severe: vomiting, dizziness, confusion, rash, general weakness, shortness of breath and wheezing, and chest pain Systemic allergic reactions - rare –May occur from an initial sting or may be acquired –anaphylactic shock, difficulty in breathing, and death within 30 minutes

12. Example Symptoms Bee sting hives on arm from a sting on leg Adult Onset Allergy Paper wasp sting near eye

13. Ants ~10,000 spp world wide only a few are medically important Ant “venom” varies dramatically across species, most are non-toxic to vertebrates. Medically important species –Fire ants –Bull-dog ant

14. Fire Ants Solenopsis spp. S. invicta, Red Imported Fire Ant (RIFA) the most important Introduced into US in the 1930’s, now in most of SE US. –Have had many ecological ramifications. Ex. herehere Sting 15 – 25 million/year in US Cause $750 million damage in Agriculture/year

15. Bulldog Ants Ants in the genus, Myrmecia. M. pilosula is the “Jack Jumper”. Australia & Tasmania (Jack Jumpers). In Tasmania, they cause more deaths than spiders, wasps, snakes & sharks combined. Generate anaphylactic shock in high incidence. Life-threatening reactions in 1-2% of cases. Antivenom stocks maintained throughout their range. Jack Jumper

16. Solitary Wasps Velvet ants, several spp. Nest parasites of ground-nesting bees & wasps Very painful sting

17. Social Wasps Yellowjackets, hornets & paper wasps Yellowjackets are the important group. –Large, annual nests –Aggressively defended by workers –Often in situations with human contact. Baldfaced hornets are actually yellow jackets which act like hornets. Above: Western Yellow Jacket Above: European hornet Bald faced hornet (right) & nest (above)

18. Hornets vs Wasps CharacterHornets Wasps GenusVespaDolichovespula, Vespula Nest HabitatAbove ground, tree hollows Below ground, wall voids Spp in N. America 1~12 important

19. Bees Insects in the unranked taxon, Anthophila, several families 20,000 spp most of which are harmless A group that switched from predation to feeding on nectar & pollen Co-evolved with flowers. Few are agressive

20. Africanized Bees Hybrids of the European honey bee and the African honey bee (different subspecies) Originally imported to Brazil to increase honey production Defends hive more aggressively Kill 1 – 2 people/year in US Animated map of spread

21. Probable Eventual Distribution of Africanized Bees

22. First Aid Topical steroid cream (hydrocortisone), Cream containing aloe vera. Fire ant creams: –regular toothpaste. –Solution of half bleach and half water applied immediately to the area can reduce the pain, itching and, perhaps, pustule formation. Oral medicines: antihistamines.

23. Medical Use of Hymenoptera Ant head sutures –Uses soldier ant heads –Used for at least 3,000 years Bee venom therapy –1980 FDA licensed its use for desensitation –Now >500 human and veterinary applications –American Apitherapy SocietyAmerican Apitherapy Society