1. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-1 Electronics Principles & Applications Eighth Edition Chapter 13 Integrated Circuits (student version) Charles A. Schuler ©2013

2. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-2 IC fabrication The 555 Timer Analog ICs Mixed-signal ICs Troubleshooting INTRODUCTION

3. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-3 Dear Student: This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you to view that segment again, if you want to.

4. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-4 Concept Preview Photolithography is the base process used in making monolithic integrated circuits. Impurities are diffused into the substrate to form PN junctions. ICs are batch processed. One wafer will yield many devices. A probe test identifies defective ICs before the wafer is cut apart. An aluminum metalization layer interconnects the various IC components.

5. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-5 A power IC

6. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-6 The base process in making ICs is photolithography. Silicon wafers are prepared. The wafer is oxidized and coated with photoresist. The wafer is covered with a photo mask. Exposed to light and developed Etched to expose the substrate Impurity diffusion into the substrate Repeat eight to twenty times

7. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-7 Preparing the wafers

8. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-8 Batch processing Each wafer will yield dozens of ICs (or more). Wafer

9. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-9 Silicon substrate Start with a silicon substrateCoat with silicon dioxide Coat with photoresist Cover with photo mask Expose with light Develop Etch Diffusion Dopant A P-N junction has been formed.

10. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-10 Probe test

11. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-11 During the probe test, the defective ICs are marked. After the wafer is separated, the defective ICs are discarded.

12. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-12 Using photolithography to form an NPN BJT 1. P- type substrate 2. N+ diffusion layer 3. N epitaxial layer 4. Silicon dioxide layer 5. Expose and etch 6. Boron diffusion 7. Silicon dioxide layer 8. Expose and etch 9. Boron base diffusion 10. Emitter diffusion

13. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-13 Using photolithography to form an NPN BJT 11. Coat, expose and etch 12. Aluminum metallization layer 13. Coat, expose and etch away extra aluminum Collector contact Emitter contact Base contact

14. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-14 IC fabrication quiz The base process in making monolithic ICs is _______________. photolithography The wafer is coated with photoresist and exposed through a _________. photo mask Etching produces windows through which impurities are ________. diffused The electrical performance of each chip on the wafer is checked during the ____ test. probe Individual sections are electrically connected with a film of __________. aluminum

15. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-15 Concept Review Photolithography is the base process used in making monolithic integrated circuits. Impurities are diffused into the substrate to form PN junctions. ICs are batch processed. One wafer will yield many devices. A probe test identifies defective ICs before the wafer is cut apart. An aluminum metalization layer interconnects the various IC components. Repeat Segment

16. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-16 Concept Preview The 555 timer IC has two comparators, a discharge transistor and a digital output. One-shot operation provides an output pulse width controlled by an external resistor and capacitor. Astable operation provides a continuous rectangular waveform at the output. Time-delay operation provides an output delay that is RC controlled. Pulse position modulation uses an external signal to control the comparator trip points.

17. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-17 5 k  R SQ Q Gnd1 Out 3 +V CC 8 Discharge Threshold Control Trigger 7 6 5 2 555 Reset4 UTP 2/3 V CC LTP 1/3 V CC A popular timer IC

18. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-18 S R Q Q R SQ Q How the RS flip-flop in the 555 timer works: Once set, the Q output remains high until the flip-flop is reset. Outputs are in opposite states.

19. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-19 1 3 +V CC 7 6 2 8 One-shot operation R C 1/3 V CC The input trigger resets the flip-flop and C then charges until the top comparator trips and sets the flip-flop. S R input trigger output pulse Discharge transistor

20. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-20 + V CC 555 48 7 6 1 3 2 R C t = 1.1RC Output pulse Trigger 1/3 V CC The external components determine the output pulse width.

21. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-21 1 3 +V CC 7 6 2 8 Free-running or astable operation RBRB C RARA S R 2/3 V CC 1/3 V CC C charges through R A + R B and discharges through R B.

22. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-22 + V CC 555 48 7 6 1 3 2 RARA C Astable mode duty cycle > 50% RBRB f = 1.45 (R A + 2R B )C Duty Cycle = R A + 2R B x 100% R A + R B

23. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-23 + V CC 555 48 7 6 1 3 2 RARA C Astable mode duty cycle < 50% RBRB f = 1.45 (R A + R B )C RARA Duty Cycle = R A + R B x 100% C charges through R A and discharges through R B.

24. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-24 + V CC 555 48 6 1 3 2 R C Trigger Time-delay mode Time delay = 1.1 RC Output

25. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-25 Pulse-position modulation Modulation

26. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-26 555 timer quiz The voltage of the trigger signal must be less than 1/3 _________. V CC The threshold and trigger comparators control the ___________. RS flip-flop The Q output of the RS flip-flop controls the __________ transistor. discharge In one-shot mode, the external R and C set the _______ of the output pulse. width In astable mode, the 555 timer acts as an ____________. oscillator

27. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-27 Concept Review The 555 timer IC has two comparators, a discharge transistor and a digital output. One-shot operation provides an output pulse width controlled by an external resistor and capacitor. Astable operation provides a continuous rectangular waveform at the output. Time-delay operation provides an output delay that is RC controlled. Pulse position modulation uses an external signal to control the comparator trip points. Repeat Segment

28. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-28 Concept Preview There are three IC categories: analog, digital and mixed signal. The most widely applied analog ICs are amplifiers and voltage regulators. Phase locked loops can be used for FM detection and for frequency synthesis. A sample and hold circuit is usually required for analog to digital conversion. The number of bits sets the output resolution for digital to analog converters. Switched capacitor ICs can provide voltage conversion and integration.

29. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-29 Analog ICs include: Linear voltage regulators Differential amps High-speed amps Op amps RF and IF amps Modulators and mixers Demodulators Power amps

30. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-30 The LM3876 delivers up to 56W of audio output power to an 8  load. V+ V- Out V IN + V IN - Mute Gnd 11-lead TO220 plastic package 0.1% THD 20 Hz – 20 kHz 95 dB SNR Load, voltage and temperature protected 100 W peak output

31. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-31 Mixed signal ICs contain or use both digital and analog circuit functions. 1 2 3 4 5 6 GND U/D CS W H V CC MAX5468 This Maxim digital potentiometer is an example. It provides 32 output levels from pin 5 for volume control applications. It is adjusted by applying digital pulses to pin 3. Pin 4, along with pin 3, selects either a volume up or a volume down mode.

32. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-32 Error Amplifier Phase detector LPF VCO Phase-locked loops are mixed signal ICs. The phase detector is usually digital.

33. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-33 Error Amplifier Phase detector LPF VCO Phase-locked loop In VCO The VCO locks onto the input phase.

34. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-34 Error Amplifier Phase detector LPF VCO In The VCO also locks onto the input frequency. Out Output voltage Input frequency Lock range

35. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-35 Error Amplifier Phase detector LPF VCO In PLLs can serve as FM detectors. Out

36. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-36 Error Amplifier Phase detector LPF VCO f REF PLL frequency synthesizer f OUT Digital divide by N f OUT = N(f REF )

37. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-37 A sample and hold can be a separate circuit or part of an analog to digital converter. hold capacitor analog input clock switch A/D occurs when signal voltage is not changing to A/D

38. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-38 4-bit D/A converter V out R R 2R 4R 8R Output states = 2 N = 2 4 = 16 N = 4 5 V 8 0 V -9.375 V

39. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-39 1 ms -10 0 time volts 0 Switched capacitor voltage inverter

40. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-40 1 ms 0 20 time volts 0 Switched capacitor voltage doubler

41. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-41 Conventional and switched capacitor integrators 1 ms 10 time volts 0 0 C1C1 C2C2 C R Slope of V out = -V in x RC 1 Slope of V out = -V in x C2C2 C 1 x f clock

42. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-42 Mixed signal IC quiz When a PLL is locked, the VCO tracks the input _________. signal PLLs can be used as FM _________. detectors With a divide by N, a PLL serves as a frequency _____________. synthesizer The output of a 6-bit D/A converter has _______ possible output levels. 64 The output slope of a switched capacitor _______ depends on the clock frequency. integrator

43. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-43 Concept Review There are three IC categories: analog, digital and mixed signal. The most widely applied analog ICs are amplifiers and voltage regulators. Phase locked loops can be used for FM detection and for frequency synthesis. A sample and hold circuit is usually required for analog to digital conversion. The number of bits sets the output resolution for digital to analog converters. Switched capacitor ICs can provide voltage conversion and integration. Repeat Segment

44. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-44 Troubleshooting Be sure to take a system point of view. Is there any software involved? Supply voltages may be critical. Check the clock signal frequency. Waveform analysis is often used (a mixed-signal oscilloscope can be very helpful).

45. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-45 Technician using a mixed-signal oscilloscope (Agilent)

46. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill 13-46 REVIEW IC fabrication The 555 Timer Analog ICs Mixed-signal ICs Troubleshooting