1. Chapter 17

2. Middle Ages  Educated Europeans took a more intense look at the world  Many relied on ancient facts versus natural facts Stimulating Curiosity  Calculating weights of ships  Invention of the microscope and telescope  Mathematics

3. Ptolemaic System (developed by Ptolemy)  Believed that universe was geocentric, which meant earth is the center of the universe.  The earth is a fixed planet and everything revolves around it Christianity and beliefs of Aristotle were the center of this belief

5. Copernicus System  Believed that universe was heliocentric, which means the sun was the center of the universe  All planets revolve around the sun Kepler Reinforced Copernicus, by proving that the planets rotated in an elliptical motion around the sun

7. Galileo (Mathematician) Used the telescope to discover mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots The church was out to destroy these thoughts because it went against much of the biblical teachings.

8. Isaac Newton (Mathematician)  Developed three laws of motion that governed the planets  Objects on earth ◦ States that all objects are attracted to every other object by force called Gravity

9. Eighteenth Century (1700’s) This was a time of intellectual development. It corresponds with the Scientific Revolution, in that, it gave us a method to an understanding of all life. One the favorite words used during this time period was Reason.

10. Two philosophers Newton and Locke Newton The physical world & everything in it was like a giant machine. Natural Law governed the human society. Throughout this period, the thoughts of reasoning and the natural work together

11. Locke Every person was born with a blank mind. People were molded by their experiences and the surrounding world. People could discover the natural laws that all institutions should follow

12. Montesquieu Identified three basic kinds of government 1. Republic- suitable for small states 2. Despotism- appropriate for large states 3. Monarchies- ideal for moderate- size states Montesquieu’s most important contribution was his system of checks and balances through separation of power

13. Adam Smith (economist) Doctrine Laissez-faire “to let people do what they want” The state should not interfere in economic matters

14. According to Smith The Government should 1. Protect society for invasion 2. Defend citizens from injustice 3. Keep up public works (roads, canals)

15. Primary reasons for the war:  Competition for more colonization between England and France  Prussia and Russia were trying to become the most powerful country in the area of what is now Germany

16. The war was fought in two main areas of the world. Europe British & Prussia VS Austria, Russia, & France The war was fought primarily over land. The war ended in 1763 and all territory was returned to the original owner

17. North America Between France & England Fought because:  Water ways of the St Lawrence  Unsettled Ohio River valley Both were major trade routes for both the French and English

19. The French, who were very thin with colonist, had trouble getting people to stay in the new world. The English had 13 very prosperous colonies that were located on the east coast. Which meant that the English had a far larger population than the French.

20. The French threatened to cut off the ever expanding British into this vast area. This was huge Indian territory. The Indians viewed the French as less hostile than the English Thus the Indians sided with the French. This war is sometimes called The French and Indian War

21. Spain and Portugal has established colonies in South America. Spain expanded to Central America and parts of North America Both would establish trade routes to the parent country.

22. Economics Spain and Portugal’s had a source of wealth from the colonies and it was Gold and Silver BUT Long-lasting source was farming

23. Religion During the early conquest, the monarchs of both Spain and Portugal were determined to Christianize the natives Catholic priests Catholic Churches Schools Hospitals

24. English monarchs and Parliament controlled both the United Kingdom and American colonies Very populated Massive amounts of good and services were traveling back and forth

25. After the 7 years war between France and England, England had won the war but had major financial problems Problems War costs Maintain army in the colonies Maintain the England

26. Parliament decided to impose a tax on all printed material. The act was called the Stamp Act The Stamp Act was recalled after much opposition. The cause of taxation was the beginning

27. The war between the British and the Colonies started because of lack of representation and taxation The First Continental Congress met in 1774 to organize a militia against the unjust taxation The Second Continental Congress met in 1776 to declare independence

28. At this point, England opposed the independence and sent troops to the colonies to stop the opposition. The British troops were very well trained versus the colonist. The battle was a huge gamble

29. Eventually, the Colonist defeated the British and America was born in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris After gaining independence, the 13 colonies established the Articles of Confederation. The articles were re-written because they did not provide a strong central government