2. VULNERABILITY OF BUILDINGS TO EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING GENERALIZED VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS BASED ON CHANGES IN A BUILDING’S ELEVATION AND FLOOR PLAN Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

3. HAZARDSHAZARDS ELEMENTS OF RISK EXPOSUREEXPOSURE VULNERABIL ITY LOCATIONLOCATION RISKRISK

4. BUILDING DAMAGE: DEATH TOLL REACHED 230,,000

5. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LACK OF ATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE CASE HISTORIES

6. GOAL: REGULARITY IN BUILDING ELEVATIONS AND SIMPLICITY IN FLOOR PLANS EFFECTIVE WHEN IMPLEMENTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH BUILDING REGULATIONS DURING THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES --- NOT AS EFFECTIVE WHEN ADDED BY RETROFIT OR BY STRENGTHENING

7. CLARIFY VULNERABILTIES ANY COMMUNITY CAN ASSESS THE VULNERABILITY OF ITS BUILDINGS BY EXAMINING EACH BUILDING’S ELEVATION AND FLOOR PLAN EVALUATE INITATE ACTIONS INDENTIFY OPTIONS OPTIMIZE IMPLEMENT BEST SOLUTION An Incremental ProcessAn Incremental Process

8. SOURCE OF INFORMATION The following graphic assessments of building vulnerability to earthquake ground shaking were developed by an insurance company and provided to other organizations for educational uses. The following graphic assessments of building vulnerability to earthquake ground shaking were developed by an insurance company and provided to other organizations for educational uses.

9. BUILDING ELEVATIONS Horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness—deviations from regularity--- will increase a building’s vulnerability to damage from ground shaking.Horizontal and vertical changes in symmetry, mass, and stiffness—deviations from regularity--- will increase a building’s vulnerability to damage from ground shaking.

10. AN IMPORTANT NOTE NOTE: Analysis of the effects of changes in the local site geology and the construction materials, key parameters in controlling a building’s performance, are NOT considered here.NOTE: Analysis of the effects of changes in the local site geology and the construction materials, key parameters in controlling a building’s performance, are NOT considered here.

11. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1-2 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non-structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation and structure. X- Cracks around windows. BUILDING ELEVATION Box

12. DAMAGED HOUSE:CHINA

13. ASYMMETRY AND LATERAL CHANGES: CHINA

14. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE None, if attention given to foundation and non structural elements. Rocking may crack foundation. BUILDING ELEVATION Pyramid

15. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy, asymmetrical structure may fail at foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted Pyramid

16. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 6 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Asymmetry and horizontal transition in mass, stiffness and damping may cause failure where lower and upper structures join. BUILDING ELEVATION “L”- Shaped Building

17. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 3 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition and asymmetry may cause failure where lower part is attached to tower. BUILDING ELEVATION Inverted “T”

18. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 3 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transition in mass, stiffness, and damping may cause failure at foundation and transition points at each floor. BUILDING ELEVATION Multiple Setbacks

19. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 - 5 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Top heavy asymmetrical structure may fail at transition point and foundation due to rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Overhang

20. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 6 - 7 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on soft side of first floor; rocking and overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Partial “Soft” Story

21. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure on transition points between first and second floors. BUILDING ELEVATION “Soft” First Floor

22. THE TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY BUILDING IN TURKEY

23. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 9 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transitions in mass and stiffness may cause failure at transition points and possible overturning. BUILDING ELEVATION Combination of “Soft” Story and Overhang

24. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal transition in stiffness of soft story columns may cause failure of columns at foundation and/or contact points with structure. BUILDING ELEVATION Building on Sloping Ground

25. SOFT STORY BUILDING ON SLOPING GROUND: CHINA TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES

26. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 9 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transition in stiffness and cause failure of individual members. BUILDING ELEVATION Theaters and Assembly Halls

27. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 9 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL FAILURE Horizontal and vertical transition in mass and stiffness may cause failure columns. BUILDING ELEVATION Sports Stadiums

28. BUILDING FLOOR PLANS CHANGING FLOOR PLANS FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO ASYMMETRICAL WILL INCREASE A BUILDING’S VULNERABILITY TO GROUND SHAKING.

29. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 1 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS None, if symmetrical layout maintained. FLOOR PLAN Box

30. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 4 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Differences in length and width will cause differences in strength, differential movement, and possible overturning. FLOOR PLAN Rectangle

31. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 2 - 4 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at corners. FLOOR PLAN Street Corner

32. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry will enhance damage at corner regions. FLOOR PLAN “U” - Shape

33. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 4 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Open space in center reduces resistance and enhance damage at corner regions. FLOOR PLAN Courtyard in Corner

34. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry will cause torsion and enhance damage at intersection and corners. FLOOR PLAN “L” - Shape

35. TORSION: CHINA

36. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5 - 7 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Directional variation in stiffness will enhance damage at intersecting corner. FLOOR PLAN “H” - Shape

37. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 8 - 10 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry and directional variation in stiffness will enhance torsion and damage at intersecting. FLOOR PLAN Complex Floor Plan

38. RELATIVE VULERABILITY [1 (Best) to 10 (Worst)] 5- 9 ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS Asymmetry and irregularities will cause torsion and enhance damage along boundaries and at corners. FLOOR PLAN Curved Plan