1. Temple of Vestal Virgins, Rome Temple of Vestal Virgins, Rome Corinthia (Purdue Univ., HI101) Purdue Univ., HI101Purdue Univ., HI101 (also Temple of Vestal Virgins and Pantheon in Rome, Temple of Baal in Palmyra)

2. Temple of Saturn, Rome Temple of Saturn, Rome Menatius Minor (Lacus Curtius database) Lacus Curtius databaseLacus Curtius database

3. Forum Romanum Romanum (Scribner Library database) Romanum

4. Roman Forum (panorama)

5. Ara Pacis: Altar of Peace in Rome Ara Pacis: Altar of Peace in Rome Malus (Purdue Univ., HI101) Purdue Univ., HI101Purdue Univ., HI101 (also Temple of Vestal Virgins and Pantheon in Rome, Temple of Baal in Palmyra)

6. Ara Pacis exterior Ara Pacis exterior Thrax (Maecenas: Ara Pacis; Maecenas: Images of Greece & Rome; from Electronic Resources for Classicists) Maecenas: Ara PacisMaecenas: Images of Greece & RomeElectronic Resources for ClassicistsMaecenas: Ara PacisMaecenas: Images of Greece & RomeElectronic Resources for Classicists

7. Roman Temples (Pantheon interior) Roman Temples (Pantheon interior) Scintilla (2020site.org) 2020site.org

8. Pantheon Pantheon (Southern Arkansas Univ. course) Pantheon

9. Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii Isis (Bates College Prof. Imber’s webpages) Bates College Prof. Imber’s webpagesBates College Prof. Imber’s webpages

10. Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii (reconstruction) Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii (reconstruction) Homerus (Beloit College, course on Pompeii) Beloit College, course on PompeiiBeloit College, course on Pompeii

11. Forum Pompeii Forum (Scribner Library database)

12. Temple of Jupiter, Minerva, Juno in Ostia (image 1; 2) image 12image 12 Leucothea (VRoma database) VRoma databaseVRoma database

13. Temple, Ostia Temple, Ostia (reconstruction) Temple, Ostia Soprintendenza Archeologica di Ostia Antica Soprintendenza Archeologica di Ostia Antica

14. Temple of Bacchus Temple of Bacchus Artemidorus (“Leading Arab-American Website”) “Leading Arab-American Website”“Leading Arab-American Website”

15. Diana / Artemis of Ephesus Diana / Artemis of Ephesus Cephisia (UMass student paper) UMass student paperUMass student paper

16. Mithras: initiation/mystery cults Mithras: initiation/mystery cults Oleosa (Museum of Antiquities, Univ. of Newcastle) Museum of Antiquities, Univ. of NewcastleMuseum of Antiquities, Univ. of Newcastle

17. Mithras: initiation/mystery cults Mithras: initiation/mystery cults Sequana (Perseus database) Perseus databasePerseus database

18. Roman Religion Mythology adopted from Greece Mythology adopted from Greece State religion: to preserve the res publica State religion: to preserve the res publica Originally agricultural, with gods responsible for all natural phenomena Originally agricultural, with gods responsible for all natural phenomena Formalistic rituals with sacrifices Formalistic rituals with sacrifices Part of daily life: worship in home Part of daily life: worship in home Closely connected to politics and society: forum sacred, political, mercantile Closely connected to politics and society: forum sacred, political, mercantile

19. Roman Religion Not static, absorbing gods from Etruscans, Greeks (anthropomorphic deities) Not static, absorbing gods from Etruscans, Greeks (anthropomorphic deities) Fall of res publica 1 st c. BCE due to neglect of the gods Fall of res publica 1 st c. BCE due to neglect of the gods Augustus’ revival: massive construction, revival of rituals and cults Augustus’ revival: massive construction, revival of rituals and cults Expansion of empire  increasing contact with other cultures and religious syncretism Expansion of empire  increasing contact with other cultures and religious syncretism Foreign gods recognized as Roman ones Foreign gods recognized as Roman ones

20. Roman Religion Could slaves worship? Benevolent Society of Diana and Antinous, Lanuvium, 136 CE: Could slaves worship? Benevolent Society of Diana and Antinous, Lanuvium, 136 CE: –Meet once/month, special feasts, rituals –~Social club offering companionship and assurance of decent burial –“… if a slave member of this society dies … a token funeral ceremony will be held” Were there limitations? Inscription from altar in Lanuvium: Were there limitations? Inscription from altar in Lanuvium: –MAVORTIO SACR[?]. HOC SIGNUM A SERVO TANGI NEFAS EST. –“Sacred(?) to Mars. It is unlawful for this image to be touched by a slave.”