1. Greeks&Romans Chapter Four

2. Greece  Origins of Greek civilization  City-states  Pericles  Indo-European people took over the Greek peninsula by 1700 B.C.E.  By 600 B.C.E. Greek civilization rose to prominence rapidly w/ strong city-states  Each city-state had its own govt, typically either  a tyranny of one or a few rulers  Or an aristocratic council  Citizenship  Polis – city state  Demos - the people  Sparta - strong military aristocracy  Athens - more diverse commercial state that was proud of its artistic and intellectual leadership  Pericles - democratic political structure where each citizen could participate in govt  Political decline soon set in for the city-states as Athens and Sparta vied for control of Greece during the Peloponnesian Wars

3. Greek city-states

4. Greek Culture  Pantheon  Greek Gods - Zeus, Apollo, Neptune, Mars, Venus  Literature  Sappho  Sophocles  Iliad, Odyssey

5. Greece Continued  Alexander the Great  Hellenistic Age -Philip II of Macedon conquered Greece -his son Alexander the Great took over & extended the Macedonian Empire throughout the Middle East and Egypt -Conquered & established colonies for trade  merging of Greek art and culture with other Middle Eastern forms and had influence well beyond the end of the empire

6. Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World c. 323 B.C.E.

7. Rome  Punic Wars  Julius Caesar  Augustus  800 BCE – started as a monarchy in central Italy  509 BCE - Aristocrats kicked out the monarchy  Law codes - 12 Tables, by 450 B.C.E.  Roman influence widened during the three Punic Wars (264 to 146 B.C.E.) - Rome fought and defeated the armies of the Phoenician city of Carthage led by Hannibal.  45 B.C.E. Julius Caesar  First lifetime dictator (emperor)  Power of Senate decreased  Augustus Caesar, seized power in 27 B.C.E.  reestablished Constitution  Senate  pax Romana

8. Roman Coliseum Ruins of the Roman Senate

9. Roman Empire

10. The Expansion of the Roman Empire, 133 B.C.E.

11. Roman Economy & Society  Agriculture  poor soils  market farms  Trade  grain  luxuries  Society  slavery  family

12. Rome  Pax Romana  476 CE  Christianity  Constantine  Pax Romana - 200 years of peace and prosperity to the entire Mediterranean world  The empire suffered a slow fall that lasted about 250 years; generals sought greater power & poor citizens in cities rebelled  Invading peoples from north conquered Roman Empire in 476 C.E.  Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire b/c numbers of Christians had increased & Christians refused to place the state (nation) above their God

13. Legacies of Greece & Rome  The greatest political legacies of the Mediterranean cultures were  No single Greek political style, but democracy is the most famous.  Classical Mediterranean political theory involved:  ethics  duties of citizens  skills, such as oratory.  an intense loyalty to the state, a preference for aristocratic rule, and the development of a uniform set of legal principles.  Governments supported an official religion, but tolerance of other faiths was the norm

14. Religion and Culture ReligionPhilosophySciences  Several religions - complex set of gods and goddesses who were seen as regulating human life  Models of moral philosophy were developed, by such men as Aristotle and Cicero, who like Confucius, taught the importance of moderation and balance in human behavior  Socrates taught followers to question using rational inquiry  Greek advanced in geometry and anatomy  Greatest Roman contribution to the sciences - engineering  In the arts and literature, the Greeks had few equals, particularly in sculpture, architecture, and plays.  The Romans mimicked but rarely surpassed the Greek innovators in these fields.