1. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net ELECTRIC VEHICLES Carlos Sousa AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada

2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net SUMMARY 1.Vehicles and fuels 2.Battery electric vehicles - characteristics 3.Batteries

3. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net SOME ELECTRIC VEHICLES…

4. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net VEHICLES AND FUELS Petrol Biofuels Hydrogen Natural Gas, LPG Internal Combustion Engine Electric Motor Batteries Fuel Cells Hybrid Diesel

5. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net ELECTRIC VEHICLES An electric vehicle is a vehicle that is moved by electricity. The electricity can be: Produced outside the vehicle and stored in batteries – Battery Electric Vehicle Produced aboard the vehicle – E.g.: Fuel Cell Vehicle

6. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES First EVs were produced in the 1830s Appeared before the ICE engine

7. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES Silent Does not need a gearbox Relaxed and pleasant driving Recover energy when they brake Maximum torque from low speeds

8. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BATERY EV High energy efficiency Recovery of energy during braking Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV) in the place of circulation......................... Mechanical Transmission   95 % Electronic Power Converter   95% Electric Motor   90% Battery   65% Battery Charger   95%

9. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net BATTERIES Battery types are the main difference between battery EVs, but also their main limitation!! Batteries influence the range of Battery EVs. Driving style is another very important factor – Ecodriving is essential!!

10. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net THE IDEAL BATTERY… High specific energy [kWh/kg] (i.e. Light with a high amount of stored energy) High energy density [kWh/m 3 ] (i.e. Small with a high amount of stored energy) High specific power [W/kg ] (i.e. With a high power output for its mass) Long cycle-life (i.e. be discharged and recharged many times without significant deterioration in its performance) Quick re-charge time

11. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net THE IDEAL BATTERY… Deep cycle (i.e. could be regularly discharged to near-empty without loss of function) Operate over a wide temperature range Safe Recyclable Cheap

12. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net SOME BATERIES Pb/acNi/CdNiHMLi-IonLi/pNa/NiCl 2 Objectives USABC Specific Energy Wh/kg)35-405570-9012515580200 Specific Power (W/kg)80120200260315145400 Energy Density (Wh/m 3 )090 200165130300 Cycle Life (number of charging cycles) 3001000600+600 6001000 Charging Time (h)6-8 64-6 3-6 Autonomy (km)75100200 250200250 Cost (€ / kWh)100400550---<90

13. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net CHARGING POSSIBILITIES Directly to the vehicle

14. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net CHARGING POSSIBILITIES Outside the vehicle

15. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net Aquabus 1 050 Switzerland Egretta France Gustave Doré France Ferry Vaporetto E1 Italy Lagon 40 France Passeur “Type La Rochelle” France Gondola Lariana Italy E-Boat 15.5 Canada

16. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net SUMMARY Battery Electric Vehicles are silent and emissions free where they circulate (zero tailpipe emissions) Well suited for urban use, in well defined routes (deliveries, public transport, car pooling schemes, etc.) Can be economically viable in the context of their specific use (batery lease schemes, etc.) Can be low carbon, depending on how electricity is generated Can have an interesting energy efficiency Reduced offer of vehicles – not many options available

17. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net Thank you for your attention!