1. Chapter 13 The Byzantine Commonwealth

2. Background Vestiges of the Roman Empire Dominate until the 1100’s, existed until 1453 Large impact on Russian and Slavic culture Byzantine Commonwealth refers to area of influence beyond formal borders

3. Early Byzantine Empire Excellent site – defensible, good harbor, site of major crossroads Constantinople becomes capital of Roman empire in 340 BCE Empire con’t to shrink over time, with occasional periods of expansion Kept Roman institutions/advances, avoids “Dark Ages” Dev. own unique and complicated culture Main threat during early centuries was the Sasanid Dynasty of the Persian Empire (226-641 BCE)

4. Byzantine Empire Imperial, autocratic rule Emperor –Absolute power –Complex rituals –Took on aspect of divinity, control of theology – ceasaropapism Large complex bureaucracy Byzantine Court –Complex rituals and etiquette –Theatrical component

5. Justinian (r. 527-565) and Theodora Both came from lower class backgrounds Generally reigned as co-rulers Quashed internal rebellion with large military actions Launched rebuiling of Constantinople –Hagia Sophia Justinian’s Code –Reorganized Roman Civil Law –Heavy influence on western world law

6. Belisarius & Byzantine Expansion Justinian’s top general – campaigned 533 – 540 Justinian wanted to recreate the whole of the Roman Empire Successful in terms of expansion, but unable to establish occupation and administration force to maintain such a large empire 561 BCE falling out between Belisarius and Justinian – numerous myths – basically peaceful retirement

7. Competition with the Islamic Empire Later 600’s, early 700’s Conquered Persian empire and pushed back Byzantine frontiers Laid siege to Constantinople (674-678, 717-718) Byzantine military made use of “Greek Fire” – retained control of Asia Minor, Greece, and SE Europe Smaller size of Byz. Emp, actually allowed for a revival

8. Imperial Reorganization Theme system –Put jurisdictions under the control of a general who also acted as a governor –Closely supervised –Recruited military from free peasants in return for land –Improved agricultural production –Allowed for quick militia style mobilization Successful enough to allow for imperial expansion By 11 th century, came to dominate Med. Basin again

9. Tension Between East and West Conflict between Catholic and Orthodox faiths Religious conflicts – issues of faith and practice, arguments between pope & patriarchs Political conflicts – creation of Holy Roman Empire (Charlemagne) Eventually led to military conflict in Italy

10. Byzantine Economy and Society Agriculture – Dependent on grain from Egypt Free peasants who owned small parcels of land –Protected by imperial gov’t until 1000’s –Decline of free peasantry will cause military decline Serfs worked large estates for the wealthy –Did not pay taxes –Undermine power of gov’t –Last three centuries of Byz Emp, chronic, slow decline

11. Industry and Trade Wealthy state regardless of internal/external problems – –largely due to trade – – location! location! location! –Bezant becomes currency of the Med. Sea Huge manufacturing enterprises within urban areas Silk industry by 500’s Business methods – partnerships, dynamic system of banking - allowed less affluent merchants to start up competitive businesses

12. Urban Life Extremely luxurious lifestyle for upper class Women lived in seclusion Roman traditions (baths, hippodrome, “bawdy houses) Chariot Racing –“Blues and Greens” – rivalry on and off track, led to public unrest and revolts Eventually evolve into civic committees

13. Classical Heritage and the Orthodox Church Influence of Classical Greece –Greek replaced Latin as the spoken language –Greater focus on classical Greece than Rome –School system based on Greek models Byzantine Christianity –Close link with gov’t –325 CE Council of Nicea – radically changed and organized Christian beliefs –Icon Controversy (p332) Byzantine officials tried to ban saints, other religious icons c. 726 CE, caused further split with Catholic Church (834 – Iconoclasty is abandoned)

14. Conflicts between Catholic & Orthodox Christianity Icon Controversy Many small debates– bread, beards Larger conflicts over doctrine Conflicts between popes and patriarchs over power – 1054 – Pope of Rome and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other

15. Influence of Byz Emp on Eastern Europe Greater attention to Eastern Europe with development of Islamic Empire Relations with E.E kingdoms became increasingly friendly Byz missionaries sought converts in E.E. Cyril and Methodus (monks) created Cyrillic alphabet for Slavic languages Very close ties between Byz Emp and Russia –Kiev was Russian capital – Volga & Dneiper rivers connected Scandinavia, Russia, and Constantinople –989 Prince Vladimir converted to Orthodox Christianity –Considerable intermarriage between royal families –Considered itself to be the “Third Rome” after the fall of Constantinople

16. Fall of Byzantine Emperor Theme system eventually created problems Loss of free peasantry, too much power in the hands of the aristocrats Expansion and development of western Europe in the 1100’s Crusades – 4 th Crusade attacked Constantinople Anatolia conquered by Seljuk Turks – loss of farmland crippling (1100’s) Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453