1. The Roman Republic

2. Today’s Goal Describe the origins, development, and characteristics of the Roman Republic Describe the origins, development, and characteristics of the Roman Republic

3. LIVY, The Early History of Rome “Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city – the [salubrious] hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy – all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great."

4. Geography & Location Central peninsula of Mediterranean Sea Central peninsula of Mediterranean Sea – Island of Sicily Fertile land! Fertile land! Tiber River Tiber River

5. Legendary Origins Told in Virgil’s Aeneid Told in Virgil’s Aeneid – Links the founding of Rome to the Trojan warrior Aeneas who flees from a burning Troy

6. Legendary Origins Romulus & Remus Romulus & Remus

7. Historical Origins of Rome Latins Latins – Palatine Hill Greeks Greeks Etruscans Etruscans – Metalwork – Sculpture – Writing (alphabet) – Road building – Arch

8. Examples of Etruscan art Note the Greek alphabet

9. Romans borrowed Etruscan building techniques.

10. The Last Monarch King Tarquinius Superbus = Tarquin the Proud King Tarquinius Superbus = Tarquin the Proud Tyrant driven from power Tyrant driven from power res republica (“public affairs”)  Republic res republica (“public affairs”)  Republic

11. Conflict of the Orders Senatus Populusque Romanus = “Senate and the Roman People” Senatus Populusque Romanus = “Senate and the Roman People” Patricians Patricians - Wealthy landowners - Most power Plebeians Plebeians - Commoners - Most of population

12. Conflict of the Orders Tribunes = elected to protect rights of plebeians Tribunes = elected to protect rights of plebeians Twelve Tables  written law code Twelve Tables  written law code Citizenship = all adult male landowners Citizenship = all adult male landowners

13. Twelve Tables (excerpts) If a thief was a freeman, he was flogged & handed to person from whom he stole to repay the damage If a thief was a freeman, he was flogged & handed to person from whom he stole to repay the damage If a thief were a slave, flogged then thrown to his death off the Tarpeian Rock (cliff) If a thief were a slave, flogged then thrown to his death off the Tarpeian Rock (cliff) No burials or cremations within city walls No burials or cremations within city walls Maintenance of roads was responsibility of property owner Maintenance of roads was responsibility of property owner Marriage between plebeians and patricians no longer forbidden Marriage between plebeians and patricians no longer forbidden Permitted to remove branch from neighbor’s tree if overhung into one’s property Permitted to remove branch from neighbor’s tree if overhung into one’s property Theft of crops was death penalty by clubbing Theft of crops was death penalty by clubbing For slander there was death penalty by clubbing For slander there was death penalty by clubbing Levels of punishment varied by status of person Levels of punishment varied by status of person Laws distinguished between intentional and accidental killing Laws distinguished between intentional and accidental killing Father had right to kill his deformed child Father had right to kill his deformed child

14. Roman Forum Public meeting place and the heart of Roman political life

15. TwoConsuls Commanded Army Limited power Veto each other 1 year term (once/10 years) Gov’t of Roman Republic

16. Senate (Curiae) – 300 members Foreign, financial policies Elected for life Advises consuls Patricians & plebeians

17. Gov’t of Roman Republic Centuriate Assembly – both patricians & plebeians Citizen- soldiers elected for life Selects consuls, makes laws

18. Gov’t of Roman Republic Tribal Assembly Elects tribunes, makes laws Citizens elected yearly

19. Gov’t of Roman Republic Dictator – Elected in times of crisis Absolute power to make laws Command Army Chosen by consuls for 6 mo. term

20. Magistrates 8 praetors – judges 8 praetors – judges 2 censors – census of citizens, tax assessments 2 censors – census of citizens, tax assessments 4 aediles - supervised public places, public games, and the grain supply 4 aediles - supervised public places, public games, and the grain supply

21. Appian Way

23. Rome’s Balanced Government Consuls = a monarchy + Assemblies = a democracy + Senate = an aristocracy = Rome’s balanced government

24. Roman Army All land-owning citizens required to serve Legions = large military units of ~6,000 infantry - Supported by cavalry (equites) Centuries = smaller units of 60 infantry

25. Typical Formation of Legions

26. Family Life in the Roman Republic Pater familias – led religious ceremonies, total life and death authority Pater familias – led religious ceremonies, total life and death authority Women had no legal protection Women had no legal protection Children obeyed authority Children obeyed authority Slaves were treated well Slaves were treated well

27. Life in Roman Republic The Roman villa The Roman villa – Countryside – Hypocaust (“heat from below”) – Atriums, garden – Al fresco dining

29. The uncomfortable toga. The uncomfortable toga. Easy to make – no sewing – no buttonholes Easy to make – no sewing – no buttonholes Large wool blanket 18 X 7 ft. Large wool blanket 18 X 7 ft. Symbol of Roman citizenship Symbol of Roman citizenship Young boy wore a white toga with a purple band around the border Young boy wore a white toga with a purple band around the border Age 16 a boy and his family would go to the forum where he would register as a full citizen and wear a white toga Age 16 a boy and his family would go to the forum where he would register as a full citizen and wear a white toga The toga was worn at the theater, in court, for religious ceremonies, and on any formal occasion The toga was worn at the theater, in court, for religious ceremonies, and on any formal occasion At death, his body is wrapped in a toga, marking him as a Roman citizen At death, his body is wrapped in a toga, marking him as a Roman citizen

30. Rome Gains Control of Italy Romans defeat Etruscans & Latins Samnite Wars – gained central Italy Romans vs. Greeks - Pyrrhus (king of Epirus) – “Pyrrhic victory” - Rome defeats Greeks

31. Treatment of Conquered Territory Nearby Latins = full citizens of Rome Nearby Latins = full citizens of Rome Farther territories = rights of citizenship except the vote Farther territories = rights of citizenship except the vote Allies of Rome = freedom to go about their business, BUT supplied troops, could not make treaties Allies of Rome = freedom to go about their business, BUT supplied troops, could not make treaties