1. TRENDS AND HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATIONS Spring 2015

2. Examples of highway design problems http://www.weathergraphics.com/tim/dumbroad/justkid.jpg

3. Examples of highway design problems http://www.righthandfirm.com/photos/highway-design.jpg

4. Examples of highway design problems http://weathergraphics.com

5. Examples of highway design problems

7. Important Issues in Highway Design Automobile Oriented Society –More cars than drivers (BTS Survey 03) Shift from construction of new facilities to maintenance of existing facilities (e.g., lane widening, paving, intelligent transportation systems, etc.) Resurgence in highway funding –Concern for conditions of infrastructure –Renewed public willingness for public expenditures (e.g., current bill in Texas to increase funding for highways) –Reauthorization of transportation funds ($286.5B)

8. I-35W Bridge Collapse

9. Important Issues in Highway Design Fleet of vehicles –Larger trucks/smaller vehicles –Better vehicles performance and design (e.g., lower center of gravity, improved acceleration, lighter vehicle components, etc.) Age of population –Baby boomers are getting older (20% 65+ in 2003) –Safety issues with older (i.e., visual search, reaction time, more fragile health, etc.)

10. Important Issues in Highway Design Value Engineering –New area that aims to find ways to save money in design –Has been applied in highway design –Can compromise safety (e.g., Highway 407 in Ontario, Canada) Liability –Increasing number of lawsuits (DOTs, Cities, MPOs, etc.) –Usually always based on (un)safety (after crashes occur)

11. Important Issues in Design Safety Audits –Becoming increasingly popular (liability is a factor) –Explicitly look at all safety components of a project (from initial concept to construction) –Goes beyond design guidelines New design criteria under development –Less focused on vehicle speed –Sensitive context design Transportation Security –Terrorist threats against transportation infrastructures –See, e.g., http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/dva/SecurityActivities.pdf http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/dva/SecurityActivities.pdf

12. The Design Objective A well-designed road will provide the intended level of service, at an acceptable cost, with an acceptable level of safety. It will also reflect local values and policy, which will vary from location to location. If it has been designed with care and sound judgment, it will place appropriate importance on safety, cost, service, environmental values, and appearance.

13. Goals of Highway Design Traffic Quality Economy Aesthetics Function (to be discussed later) Traffic Safety Environmental protection

14. Road Network Design The road network is part of the overall traffic infrastructure (railway, waterway, communication, etc.). It is the essential element in developing rural and urban areas. Consequently, the road network design influences the spatial development as well as the local space structure. The task of network design should be to arrange and design the individual road sections according to their respective functions within the scope of transportation and regional planning

15. Role of Highways Two primary roles of Highway and Street Networks are: Travel Mobility: To provide users with means to travel from a point of origin to a point of destination the most efficient and safest way possible Access: To provide users access to services and property the most efficient way possible

16. Mobility

17. Access

18. Wright and Dixon (2004) Figure 1-2

19. Functional Classification Based on Design Types eg. Freeways, Conventional Streets and highways Based on route numbering eg. U.S., State, County Based on Administrative System eg. National and Non-National Highways Functional Classification

20. Urban/Rural Areas Urban and rural differ with regard to –Density –types of land use –density of streets and highway networks –natures of travel patterns Urban Areas: places within boundaries set by responsible State and local officials having a population above 5,000 people –Urbanized (>=50,000) Small urban (5,000-50,000) Rural Areas: everything else

21. Rural Functional System Rural Principal Arterial (Interstate) Rural Minor Arterial (Intercity, Intertowns) Rural Collector System (Intracounty) –Major Collectors Counties and towns not served by higher systems –Minor Collectors Accumulate traffic from local roads Rural Local Road System –Access to land adjacent to collectors

22. Rural Highways SystemsPercentage Principal arterials2-4% Principal + Minor Arterials 7-10% Collectors20-25% Local roads60-75%

23. Urban Functional System Urban Principal Arterial Urban Minor Arterial Street Urban Collector Streets Urban Local Road System

24. Urban Highways SystemsPercentage Traffic Volume Percentage Length Principal arterials40-65%5-10% Principal + Minor Arterials 65-80%15-25% Collectors5-10% Local roads10-30%60-80%

25. Wright and Dixon (2004) Figure 1-3

26. Wright and Dixon (2004) Table 1-1

27. Wright and Dixon (2004) Table 1-2

28. The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) was enacted August 10, 2005, as Public Law 109-59. TEA-21 authorizes the Federal surface transportation programs for highways, highway safety, and transit for the 5-year period 2005-2009.Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) More Info: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reauthorization/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reauthorization/ Reauthorization of TEA-21 The Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act or the ‘MAP-21’ was passed by the Senate in March 2012 and the House on June 29 th, 2012. President signed it on July 6 th, 2012. Total budget: $105.2 billion (27 months).Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act or the ‘MAP-21’ More info: http://www.ncsl.org/documents/transportation/TRN- JulyAug2012.pdf http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40431.pdf