2.  Carbon can combine in many ways with itself and other elements  Four valence electrons  Carbon has a central role in the chemistry of living things  Carbon can be arranged in many ways

3.  Structural Formulas  Straight Chain  Branched Chain  Ring

4.  Diamonds  Graphite  Pencil lead  Fullerene  Nanotube

5.  Carbon is a backbone for many substances  Mixtures of Carbon found in foods, paper, cleaning items, etc.  Has a specific name:  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS - organic means – “ of living things” - but can be scientifically created from non-living sources.

6.  Hydrocarbon- a compound that contains only elements of hydrogen and carbon  Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water  ALL Hydrocarbons are flammable

7.  Simplest Hydrocarbon is METHANE (CH 4 )  Any type can be a straight chain, branched- chain, or ring.  An Isomer – is a compound that has the same chemical formula but different structural formulas.  Have different properties  Hydrocarbons can also have double and triple bonds

8.  Classification of Hydrocarbons are based on the type of bonds they form  Single Bonds have a maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to their carbon chains  SATURATED HYDROCARBONS (filled up)  Double or Triple bonds have fewer hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom  UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

9.  Examples  Methane (CH 4 ), Ethane (C 2 H 6 ), Propane (C 3 H 8 )  - ane (saturated)  Ethene (C 2 H 4 ), Acetylene (C 2 H 2 )  - ene or –yne (unsaturated)

10.  Substitutions  -OH substitution for Hydrogen  Hydroxyl group (alcohol)  Dissolve well in water  High boiling points  Ex: Methanol,Ethanol  -COOH substitution for Hydrogen  Carboxyl group (organic acid)  Found in many foods (citric acids)  Combining an alcohol and an organic acid will produce an Ester  Many have pleasant, fruity smells

11.  Polymer – large molecule made of a chain of many smaller molecules (monomers) bonded together.  Ex:Plastic – sythetic polymers

12. 1. Carbohydrates  Simple: Sugars  Ex: Glucose “blood sugar”- C 6 H 12 O 6, Sucrose – C 12 H 22 O 11  Complex: Starch (Grains), Cellulose (Plants & Veg.) 2. Proteins  Made of smaller chains of Amino Acids (20)  Used to build and repair within the body and regulate cell functions

13. 3. Lipids  Similar to carbs – provide energy to body  Includes Fats (solid at room temperature) and Oils (liquid at room temperature)  Also includes cholesterol which builds cell structures 4. Nucleic Acids –  Two types: DNA and RNA

14.  Sugars - are the building blocks of – Starch/Cellulose  Amino Acids - are the building blocks of – Proteins  Fatty Acids – are the building blocks of - Lipids  Nucleotides – are the building blocks of – Nucleic Acids