1. Basic Chemistry and Biological Molecules John Ireland Chapter 3 Bio162

2. Atoms and Ions Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Polymers Bonding

3. Atoms and Ions

4. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter with definitive properties.

5. Even atoms have sub- structure.

6. Hydrogen

7. Proton Mass = 1 amu Charge = +1

9. Neutron Mass = 1 amu Charge = 0

11. Electron Mass = O* Charge = -1 * Not quite zero, but close enough for government work

12. Atomic Number = Number of protons Atomic Mass = Protons + Neutrons

13. Hydrogen Also Hydrogen Isomers

14. Number of Electrons = Number of Protons, if the atom is neutral.

15. Neutrons removed for clarity Lithium+1 Ions

16. Bonding

17. Bonding is governed by Electronegativity* *Among other things, but we don’t need to go there right now.

19. Ionic Bonds = Large Differences in Electronegativity.

21. Covalent Bonds = No to Moderate differences in Electronegativity

23. Polar vs. Nonpolar

24. Hydrogen Bonds

25. Polymers

26. Biological Molecules are Organic

27. Functional Groups, subunits of structure

28. Hydroxyl (- OH)

29. Carboxyl (- COOH)

30. Amino (-NH 2 )

31. Sulfhydryl (-SH)

32. Phosphate (PO 4 )

33. Methyl (-CH 3 )

34. Together these groups give organic molecules their functions

35. How do we go from small molecules to large polymers?

36. Dehydration Reaction

37. H HO H

38. How do we break them back apart?

39. Hydrolysis

40. HO H H

41. Carbohydrates, the Sugars

42. Carbohydrates are polymers of Simple Sugars

46. Carbohydrates have two functions

49. Function comes from Structure

50. Structure comes from the arrangement of monomers

51. New Arrangement = New Function

52. Nucleic Acids, Information

53. Nucleic Acids are polymers of nucleotides

56. Nucleic Acids have two functions

57. Heredity

58. Energy Transfer

59. Function is determined by the order of nucleotides

61. Proteins, Diverse Functions

62. Proteins are linear polymers of amino acids

63. Amino Acids have an amino and a carboxylic acid functional group

64. There are twenty natural amino acids.

66. In essence, they are a chemistry tool kit.

67. Amino Acids bind together by peptide bonds

68. Proteins are extremely varied in Function

69. Function is derived from Structure

70. Structure is an emergent property.

71. There are four levels of structure.

76. Now pull them together…

78. Evolution likes to reuse what works.

79. A protein’s function is destroyed if the structure is destroyed (denatured).

80. Lipids, Diverse Structures

81. Lipids are polymers composed of the monomer acetyl-CoA

82. Very diverse structures can be formed.

83. Trigylceride

84. Phospholipid

85. Sterols/Steroids

86. Lipids have three functions