1. The structure and Function of Macromolecules IB Biology HL Mr. E. McIntyre

3. The Principles of Polymers Condensation (dehydration) Hydrolysis MonomersPolymers

4. Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

5. Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material Carbohydrates include both sugars and their polymers.

6. Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

7. Different views of the same monosaccharide monomer

8. Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose

10. Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharides

11. Figure 5.5x1 Disaccharides. Glucose (left), moltose (middle), and sucrose (right).

12. Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

13. Glycogen:

14. Figure 5.6a Storage polysaccharides, starch and chloroplast in a plant cell

15. Figure 5.6b Storage polysaccharides, glycogen

16. Figure 5.7 Starch and cellulose structures compared

17. Figure 5.7x1 Starch and cellulose, molecular models. Starch (left) and cellulose (right)

18. Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls

19. Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion, termite and Trichonympha

20. Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion, cow

21. Figure 5.9 Chitin, monarch emerging and surgical thread

22. Unnumbered Figure (page 65) Monomer of chitin

23. Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

25. Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

26. 02_19_fatty side chains.jpg

27. Figure 5.11 Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

28. Figure 5.11x Butter and oil The partial hydrogenation reconfigures most of the double bonds that do not become chemically saturated, twisting them so that the hydrogen atoms end up on different sides of the chain.

30. Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid

31. 02_20_lipid membranes.jpg

32. Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments

33. Figure 5.14 Cholesterol: a steroid

34. Figure 5.14x Cholesterol, computer model

35. Proteins have many structures and many functions

36. Proteins constitute most of the dry mass of a cell. Percent of total cell weight ComponentE. coliMammalian cell H 2 O 7070 Inorganic ions 1 1 Proteins 1818 RNA 6 1.1 DNA 1 0.25 Phospholipids 2 3 Polysaccharides 2 2 Miscellaneous small metabolites 3 3 Total cell volume2  10 -12 cm 3 4  10 -9 cm 3 Relative cell volume 1 2000

37. Protein structure and Function Functions of proteins: Antibodies, toxins, hormones, antifreezing, antibioling, elastic fibers, etc. On membrane:channels and pumps - traffic control Enzymes:Control chemical reactions (metabolism) Message:from one cell to another, or from membrane to nucleus. Movement:Actin, tubulin, kinesin.

38. Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions

39. Unnumbered Figure (page 68) Amino acid structure

40. Unnumbered Figure (page 82) L-amino acid and D-amino acid

42. Figure 5.15a The 20 amino acids of proteins

43. Figure 5.15b The 20 amino acids of proteins

44. Figure 5.15c The 20 amino acids of proteins

45. Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

47. 02_31_protein fold.jpg

48. Figure 5.17 Functional conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme

49. Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

51. Sickle-cell anemia Glutamic acid Valine

52. Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

53. Figure 5.19x Sickle cells, light micrograph

54. Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein

55. Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein

56. Figure 5.22 Examples of bonds contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

57. Figure 5.23 The quarternary structure of proteins

58. Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure

59. Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein

60. Figure 5.26 DNA to RNA to protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

61. Figure 5.27 The structures of nucleotides and polynucleotides

65. Figure 5.28 The double helix

66. Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick

67. Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin

68. Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships