1. Leiden University. The university to discover. DMT Week 3 Adriaan van der Weel and Peter Verhaar

2. Leiden University. The university to discover. Where do we stand?

3. Leiden University. The university to discover. Principles of markup -HTML: -Document instance (your CV) -Stylesheet (css) -Application -Document instance (your CV) -Stylesheet (css) -DTD/Schema -Add: Prologue (XML decl.; DTD)

4. Leiden University. The university to discover. Text and markup

5. Leiden University. The university to discover. Knowledge representation -Structure and content -Ontology -What knowable things exist -What are the relationships that hold between them -Tree diagram -The book has structure and content: chapters, paragraphs, footnotes, etc. -XML represents structure and content -Various ontologies - various DTDs

6. Leiden University. The university to discover. XML Basics 1 -Elements... -Attributes... -Entities -Character: è = è -General entities, referencing: Chunks of text defined elsewhere Text or image files, etc. E.g., The &BTCP; aims to... -Well-formedness, validation -Prologue (XML decl.; DTD)

7. Leiden University. The university to discover. XML Basics 2 -Open standard (cf de facto standard): -Publicly available -Royalty-free -Fully and publicly documented -NB: ‘Who owns your data?’ -(Lower) ASCII and Unicode: -Platform and software independent -Software independent -Device independent

8. Leiden University. The university to discover. Open standards 1 -Open standards in a networking world -Why? -Which? E.g., Internet Protocol Suite:Internet Protocol Suite -Link layer (physical/data, e.g., ethernet) -Internet layer, facilitating transport, e.g., IP -Transport layer, e.g. TCP -Application layer, e.g., HTTP, SMTP, FTP

9. Leiden University. The university to discover. Open standards 2 -E.g.: -File format: Pdf, txt -Programming language: PHP, Linux -Style language: CSS, XSLT -Markup metalanguage: SGML, XML -Markup language: DocBook, HTML, EAD, TEI

10. Leiden University. The university to discover. TEI basics -Text Encoding Initiative, 1987 -Text exchange in the humanities -TEI is a DTD -TEI is a collection of DTD fragments or modules -Platform and software independent (ASCII); open standard; open source -Used in an XML application (diagram) -Document ‘instances’ should be validated against the TEI DTD

11. Leiden University. The university to discover. TEI DTD -The TEI DTD is modular. We use: -<!DOCTYPE TEI PUBLIC "-//TEI P5//DTD Main Document Type//EN" "http://www.tei- c.org/release/xml/tei/schema/dtd//tei.dtd" [ - - ]> http://www.tei- c.org/release/xml/tei/schema/dtd/http://www.tei- c.org/release/xml/tei/schema/dtd/

12. Leiden University. The university to discover. Why this rigmarole? -Print (‘Order of the Book’): -Author’s brain > Book > reader’s brain -Instrument: typography -Digital (‘Digital Order’?): -Author’s brain > Computer > reader’s brain -Instrument: markup -For both typography(=form) and content -So: Need to make text intelligent

13. Leiden University. The university to discover. Using the computer / UM -Author’s brain > Computer > reader’s brain -Vary output format (paper, pdf, html, mobile phone, etc.) -Exchange -Reuse -Search and select -Count -Change content (order) and form -Etcetera

14. Leiden University. The university to discover. New research questions? -Chris Anderson (The Long Tail), in Wired ‘The end of theory’ -But: need for hypothesis remains -But: humanities data: -Quantity: not such a wealth of data. Bitty. Discontinuous. -Quality: narrative, evaluative, ambiguous, subjective, conceptual -Who decides the agenda? Need to lead, rather than follow.