1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The Study of Carbon Compounds

3. Carbon! Most chemicals that make up living things are Carbon-based. –Why? Easily forms molecules that are large, complex, and diverse. Up to 30% of a cell is made up of Carbon-based compounds.

4. Functional Groups Carbon-based chemical groups most important in life processes Each group plays a vital role in a chemical reaction –Ex. Sex hormone differences Estrogen Testosterone

5. Macromolecules The Molecules of Life!

6. Macromolecules are… Large polymers Built by monomers 4 main classes –Carbohydrates –Proteins –Lipids –Nucleic Acids

7. Carbohydrates Fuel and Building Material for Life!

8. Carbohydrates are… Most abundant carbon compounds found in living things Sugars Monosaccharides- simple sugars »Glucose Disaccharides- sugars built of 2 monosaccharides »Sucrose+Fructose

9. Carbos cont… Starch=Polysaccharides: act as nutrient storage-and form structural components of living things Glycogen- stores glucose in muscle tissue for quick energy Cellulose- provides rigid structure »Cell wall of plant cells

10. CELL WALL

11. LIPIDS Fats –Saturated Solidifies- bad Ex: animal fat and butter –Unsaturated No solidification- good Ex: vegetable oils –Fats are used for energy storage Long-term food reserves stored in adipose (fat)cells

12. Lipids cont… Lipids do not have monomers Fat (adipose) provides insulation for warmth –Whales, seals Fat provides cushion for organs I’m Fat!

13. Fat Cells (adipose)

14. Lipids cont… Phospholipids –Make up cell membranes Hydrophobic tails –Opposed to water Hydrophilic heads –Affinity for water This opposite relation to water forms a bilayer. The bilayer forms a boundary between the cell and the external environment.

15. Phospholipid Bilayer

16. Proteins The Ultimate Polymer!

17. Proteins… Monomer or building blocks of proteins: –Amino acids

18. Amino Acid Codon Chart

19. Protein Structure 2 or more amino acids joined by peptide bond –Hence the other name for a protein: polypeptide chain

20. Structure=Function Protein’s specific structure determines it’s duties –All functions depend on ability to recognize and bond to specific molecules Form=Function –Very specific fit Lock and key

21. INDUCED FIT Above, both enzymes and substrates are proteins designed to fit together like a lock and key

23. 4 Levels of Protein Structure Primary –Unique sequence of AA Chain Secondary –Repeating coils and folds Helix or pleated sheet Tertiary –Folds formed by side-chain bonding

24. Protein structure cont… Quaternary –2 or more polypeptide chains aggregated Clumping Tightly held together

26. Types of Proteins Structural Defensive –Support -Antibodies Storage Enzymes –Embryo food -catalysts Transport Hormones –Oxygen -regulation Receptors Contractile –Drugs -muscles

27. Nucleic Acids Informational Polymers

28. Nucleic Acids 2 types –DNA-double-stranded Genetic material –Inherited from parents –RNA-single-stranded Controls protein synthesis Nucleotides are monomers of both DNA/RNA Nucleic acids work together –Build proteins

29. The Central Dogma