1. Chapter 3
Biochemistry

2. I. Carbon Compounds Inorganic vs. Organic
Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms
Organic compounds contain carbon atoms

3. Carbon Bonding Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell
It wants to gain 4 more to become stable with 8
Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements
Carbon is unique from other elements because it can bond with other carbon atoms
Because of all the preceding, carbon is able to form an enormous variety of organic bonds

4. Single Bond-sharing one pair of electrons
Double Bond-sharing two pair of electrons
Triple Bond-sharing three pair of electrons

5. Functional Groups
Clusters of atoms that influence the properties or characteristics of the molecule

6. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers- a simple molecule, smallest subunit
Polymers- made of repeating monomers
Macromolecules- made up of large polymers

7. Condensation Reactions- release a molecule of water to form a bond

8. Hydrolysis- water
is added to break
a polymer

9. You Down with ATP? Cells run on energy in the form of ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Phosphate groups attached by covalent bonds, which store high amounts of energy

10. II. Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

11. Carbohydrates
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O, Serve as a source of energy or used for structural materials
Monosaccharides- a monomer of a carbohydrate (glucose, fructose and galactose)
Disaccharides- two monosaccharides or a double sugar (glucose + fructose = sucrose)
Polysaccharides- three or more monosaccharides

12. Animals store glucose in the form of the polysaccharide glycogen
Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide starch
Strength and rigidity in plants is caused by the structure of the polysaccharide cellulose

13. Proteins
Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, provide structure for cells
Amino acids-monomers of protein (building blocks)
Dipeptides-two amino acids held together by a peptide bond
Polypeptides- three or more amino acids, held together by peptide bonds

14. Amino Acids 20 different amino acids All contain Central carbon
Amino group
A carboxyl group (COOH)
A single hydrogen
R group (the only thing different between the 20 amino acids) influences the properties of the amino acid

16. Peptide Bond Covalent bond linking two amino acids
A condensation reaction (water is formed and released)
Long chains of amino acids has positive and negative regions which fold to give protein molecules unique shapes
The shapes can be denatured when heated

18. Enzymes RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts
Depend on the fit between
Substrate
Enzymes active site

19. Lipids Long chains of carbon with many hydrogens
Function is to store energy
Include: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

20. Fatty Acids Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
Long chain of carbon with a carboxyl group at one end
Carboxyl end is polar and therefore hydrophilic
Hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic
Fatty acids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes

21. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Carbon atoms fully saturated with hydrogens
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Carbon atoms with double bonds

22. Triglycerides
3 molecules of a fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol
Saturated triglycerides have high melting points and are hard at room temp (butter and fats in red meat)
Unsaturated are usually soft or liquid at room temp and found in plant seeds (olive oil)

23. Phospholipids
Two fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol
Help make up the cell membrane
Lipid bilayer
Hydrophobic head
Hydrophilic tail

24. Waxes A long fatty acid chain connected to a long alcohol chain
Waterproof
Help form protective coating in plants and animals (earwax)

25. Steroids Four fused carbon rings with various functional groups
Hormones
Cholesterol

26. Nucleic Acids DNA RNA Composed of nucleotides
Contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs cell activities
RNA
Stores and transfer information of DNA to make proteins
Composed of nucleotides
Sugar
Phosphate
Base

27. Review
What do all organic compounds contain?
Carbon

28. How many electrons are shared in a double bond?
4 electrons (aka 2 pair)

29. How many electrons does carbon want to gain?
What is the smallest subunit
4 electrons
Monomer

30. What is the monomer of carbohydrates? What is the monomer of proteins?
monosaccharides
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino acid

31. How do animals store glucose? How do plants store glucose?
Glycogen
How do plants store glucose?
Starch

32. What are the polymers of carbohydrates
polysaccharides
What are the polymers of protein?
Polypeptides

33. What are the only two macromolecules that contain nitrogen?
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Which macromolecule is nonpolar?
Lipids