1. Carbon Compounds Honors Biology

2. Organic Compounds Contain C Carbon is special because it contains 4 valence electrons – giving it the ability to form MILLIONS of different compounds Carbon is special because it contains 4 valence electrons – giving it the ability to form MILLIONS of different compounds

3. Organic Compounds Contain C WHY?? … Carbon wants 8 electrons. So… Carbon wants to form 4 covalent bonds to fill its outer orbital allowing for a large number of possible combinations Carbon wants to form 4 covalent bonds to fill its outer orbital allowing for a large number of possible combinations

4. Organic Compounds Contain C Carbon also likes to bond with other Carbon Atoms to form new structures Carbon also likes to bond with other Carbon Atoms to form new structures

5. Carbon Chains

6. Carbon Ring

7. Macromolecule: Giant molecule made of thousands of smaller molecules Giant molecule made of thousands of smaller molecules

8. Polymer: Large molecule made of repeating subunits called monomers. Large molecule made of repeating subunits called monomers.

9. Carbohydrates Elements: C, H, O Elements: C, H, O Building Blocks (monomers): Sugars Building Blocks (monomers): Sugars Functions: Main source of energy for life on earth Functions: Main source of energy for life on earth Examples: Starch, cellulose, sucrose, lactose Examples: Starch, cellulose, sucrose, lactose

11. Monosaccharides Single sugar molecules. Single sugar molecules. Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose Found in milk & fruit Found in milk & fruit

12. Monosaccharides

13. Disaccharides 2 sugar molecules 2 sugar molecules

14. Polysaccharides (complex carbs) Large macromolecules Large macromolecules Animals use GLYCOGEN (long chains of glucose) Stored in the liver and muscles. Animals use GLYCOGEN (long chains of glucose) Stored in the liver and muscles. Plants use plant starch to store energy and cellulose to make their structure (cellulose not digestable by humans) Plants use plant starch to store energy and cellulose to make their structure (cellulose not digestable by humans)

16. Additional Info Your body NEEDS WATER in order to break down other carbohydrates into the glucose it needs. Your body NEEDS WATER in order to break down other carbohydrates into the glucose it needs. That’s why you get thirsty when you eat - and why we need water to live! That’s why you get thirsty when you eat - and why we need water to live!

17. Lipids Elements: C, H, O Elements: C, H, O Building Blocks: Glycerol and 3 fatty acid Building Blocks: Glycerol and 3 fatty acid

18. Functions: Store energy, form membranes, protect nerve cells and vital organs, insulates Functions: Store energy, form membranes, protect nerve cells and vital organs, insulates Examples: fats, cholesterol, (makes up estrogen & testosterone) Examples: fats, cholesterol, (makes up estrogen & testosterone)

19. Types of Lipids Saturated: Fatty acid contains the MAXIMUM number of possible hydrogen atoms. Saturated: Fatty acid contains the MAXIMUM number of possible hydrogen atoms. Examples: most animal fats Examples: most animal fats Butter Butter Margarine Margarine Beef/chicken fat Beef/chicken fat Tend to be SOLIDS at room temperature Tend to be SOLIDS at room temperature

20. Types of Lipids Unsaturated: Fatty acid contains at least one double bond (does not have the maximum # of hydrogen) Unsaturated: Fatty acid contains at least one double bond (does not have the maximum # of hydrogen) Polyunsaturated fats have >1 double bond. Polyunsaturated fats have >1 double bond. Examples: plant and fish oils Examples: plant and fish oils Tend to be LIQUIDS at room temperature Tend to be LIQUIDS at room temperature Oils (Canola, Sunflower, olive) Oils (Canola, Sunflower, olive)

22. Types of Lipids “hydrogenated vegetable oils” (AKA Trans Fats): unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogens “hydrogenated vegetable oils” (AKA Trans Fats): unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogens Ex. Peanut butter, margarine Ex. Peanut butter, margarine Prevents lipids from separating out in liquid (oil) form Prevents lipids from separating out in liquid (oil) form

24. Nucleic Acid Elements: C, H, O, N, P Elements: C, H, O, N, P Building Blocks: Nucleotides Building Blocks: Nucleotides

25. Nucleic Acids Functions: Store and transmit genetic information Functions: Store and transmit genetic information Examples: DNA, RNA Examples: DNA, RNA

26. Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N, S Elements: C, H, O, N, S Building Blocks: Amino Acids Building Blocks: Amino Acids

27. Functions: form structures (bones, muscles, hair) and regulate cell processes (enzymes). Functions: form structures (bones, muscles, hair) and regulate cell processes (enzymes). Examples: bone, muscle, nails, hair, enzymes, hormones Examples: bone, muscle, nails, hair, enzymes, hormones